The most notorious scientific feud in history - Lukas Rieppel

1,125,069 views ใƒป 2021-07-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
After the California Gold Rush of 1848,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘-1848,
00:10
white settlers streamed west to strike it rich.
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ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ.
00:13
In addition to precious metals, they unearthed another treasure:
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ:
00:17
dinosaur bones.
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
00:19
Two wealthy scientists in particularโ€”
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื --
00:22
Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Copeโ€”
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ืขืชื ื™ืืœ ืฆโ€™ืจืœืก ืžืจืฉ ื•ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื“ืจื™ื ืงืจ ืงื•ืค --
00:25
competed to uncover these prehistoric monsters.
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ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:29
Marsh and Cope were first to describe iconic creatures
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ืžืืจืฉ ื•ืงื•ืค ื”ื™ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื
00:32
like Brontosaurus, Triceratops, and Stegosaurus.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก, ื˜ืจื™ืฆืจื˜ื•ืคืก, ื•ืกื˜ื’ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก.
00:36
But they also showcased the destructive whirlwind of profiteering and ambition
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืกืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”
00:42
that fueled American science during the late 1800s.
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ืฉืชื“ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
00:45
Their rivalry, one of the most notorious scientific feuds in history,
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:50
became known as the Bone Wars.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
00:54
Marsh was ill-tempered and had a knack for debunking falsehoods.
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ืžืืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื•ื ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื›ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:58
One woman said that getting to know him was โ€œlike running against a pitchfork.โ€
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ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืืžืจื” ืฉืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” โ€œื›ืžื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื•ืœ ืงืœืฉื•ืŸโ€.
01:03
Cope, on the other hand, was charismatic and given to bold theorizing.
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ืงื•ืค, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ื•ื ื˜ื” ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:07
But he was also sarcastic and temperamental.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจืžื ื˜ื™.
01:11
By his own admission, he wasnโ€™t
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ื“ืืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื”
01:13
โ€œconstructed for getting along comfortably with the general run of people.โ€
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โ€œื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ืโ€.
01:17
When Marsh and Cope first met in 1864, they were friendly,
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ื›ืฉืžืืจืฉ ื•ืงื•ืค ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1864, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
01:21
and each named a new species in the otherโ€™s honor.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจ.
01:25
But their relationship soon soured.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
01:28
In 1868, Cope took Marsh to a quarry near his home in New Jersey
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ื‘-1868, ืงื•ืค ืœืงื— ืืช ืžืืจืฉ ืœืžื—ืฆื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื’โ€™ืจื–ื™
01:33
where one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons to date
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ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื“ ืื–
01:36
had recently been discovered.
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
01:38
Sensing an opportunity, Marsh paid the mine operators
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช, ืžืืจืฉ ืฉื™ืœื ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื›ืจื”
01:42
to send him the most interesting new finds.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
01:45
Outraged, Cope accused Marsh of bribery.
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ื–ื•ืขื, ืงื•ืค ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“.
01:48
That same year, Cope showed Marsh his reconstruction of a new marine reptile
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืงื•ืค ื”ืจืื” ืœืžืืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื—ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ
01:53
called Elasmosaurus.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืืœืืกืžื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก.
01:56
Marsh immediately noticed that something was wrong:
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ืžืืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ:
01:59
Cope had mistaken the creatureโ€™s long neck for its tail.
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ืงื•ืค ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื‘ื•.
02:03
When Cope's mentor sided with Marsh, Cope was mortified.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืค ืฆื™ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืืจืฉ, ืงื•ืค ื ื—ืจื“.
02:08
He tried to buy and destroy every copy of the article containing his blunder,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
02:13
but to no avail.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
02:15
Their mutual resentment blossomed.
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ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื”ื ืคืจื—ื”.
02:18
After the transcontinental railroad was completed the following year,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืก ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™,
02:22
Cope and Marsh began scouring the American West for fossils.
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ืงื•ืค ื•ืžืืจืฉ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:26
They found riches the likes of which neither had dreamed.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื•.
02:30
Relying on the help of Native American guides,
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ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขื–ืจื” ืžืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
02:32
Marsh made some especially significant discoveries,
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ืžืืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
02:36
like ancient birds with teeth that are still celebrated
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
02:39
as a missing link between dinosaurs and modern birds.
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ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
02:44
Cope made important discoveries, too,
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ืงื•ืค ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:46
but Marsh successfully invalidated many of them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืืจืฉ ื”ืคืจื™ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื,
02:49
showing them to be redundant with other known species.
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ื•ื”ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:53
Enraged, Cope tried to secure priority for new findings
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ื–ื•ืขื, ืงื•ืค ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืžืฆืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
02:57
by announcing them via telegram.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœื’ืจื.
02:59
He even purchased a respected journal
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื›ืฉ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“
03:01
so future publications could be rushed into print.
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืก.
03:04
But Marsh used his personal fortune to gain the upper hand,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืืจืฉ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื—,
03:09
hiring a small army of fossil hunters to out-compete his rival.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืฆื‘ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•.
03:13
In 1878, Marsh bought an especially promising quarry in Como Bluff, Wyoming,
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ื‘-1878, ืžืืจืฉ ืงื ื” ืžื—ืฆื‘ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืœืืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ืื•ืžื™ื ื’,
03:19
from two frontier collectors.
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ืžืฉื ื™ ืืกืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:21
It yielded tons of fossils,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:24
including the near-complete skeleton of a gigantic dinosaur
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื
03:28
that Marsh named Brontosaurus.
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ืฉืžืืจืฉ ืงืจื ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก.
03:31
Over the next 10 years, his men shipped him more than 480 boxes
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-480 ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช
03:36
of dinosaur bones from Como alone.
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœื‘ื“ื”.
03:39
Marsh named dozens of new species.
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ืžืืจืฉ ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื.
03:42
But his assistants could be ruthless in their quest
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœื”ื
03:45
to further Marshโ€™s scientific ambitions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืจืฉ.
03:48
They sometimes destroyed fossils just to prevent them
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข
03:51
from falling into Copeโ€™s hands.
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ืžื”ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืค.
03:53
Desperate to catch up with Marsh,
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ื ื•ืืฉ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืืจืฉ,
03:55
Cope invested his dwindling fortune into silver mining.
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ืงื•ืค ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื›ืกืฃ.
04:00
The gamble failed, and he was left nearly destitute.
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ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื ื›ืฉืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ.
04:04
While Cope contemplated selling his precious collection,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื•ืค ื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื•,
04:07
Marsh was named lead paleontologist for the US Geological Survey.
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ืžืืจืฉ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
04:11
This well-funded branch of the government often sponsored Westward expeditions,
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ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื‘,
04:16
giving Marsh even more resources to vanquish his rival.
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืืจืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•.
04:21
The Bone Wars spilled into public view when Cope had a tabloid newspaper
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ืœืฉื” ืœื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืฉืงื•ืค ื’ืจื ืœืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ
04:25
publish an article accusing Marsh of plagiarism, fraud, and corruption.
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ืœืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ืฉื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืืจืฉ ื‘ืคืœื’ื™ืื˜, ื‘ืจืžืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
04:31
Marsh fired back and the two further tarnished each otherโ€™s reputations.
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ืžืืจืฉ ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:36
Neither ever relented.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืจืคื”.
04:39
When Cope died, he donated his skull to science,
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ื›ืฉืงื•ืค ืžืช, ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืืช ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื• ืœืžื“ืข,
04:42
hoping to prove that his brain was larger than that of his enemy.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื•.
04:46
Marsh never accepted the challenge.
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ืžืืจืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ.
04:50
Although Marsh named more species than Cope,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืจืฉ ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืค,
04:53
both men greatly expanded our understanding of evolution.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:57
But their egotistical one-upmanship reminds us that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื•,
05:01
in spite of its ideals,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื•,
05:03
science is a personal enterprise conducted by individualโ€”
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื --
05:07
and at times deeply flawedโ€” human beings.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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