The most notorious scientific feud in history - Lukas Rieppel

1,110,065 views ・ 2021-07-13

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jinwon Jang κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
After the California Gold Rush of 1848,
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1848λ…„ μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„ κΈˆκ΄‘ 열풍 이후에
00:10
white settlers streamed west to strike it rich.
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백인 정착민듀은 μΌν™•μ²œκΈˆμ„ 꿈꾸며 μ„œμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ ν˜λŸ¬λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
In addition to precious metals, they unearthed another treasure:
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그듀은 κ·€κΈˆμ†κ³Ό λ”λΆˆμ–΄ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 보물을 λ°œκ΅΄ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
00:17
dinosaur bones.
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λ°”λ‘œ 곡룑 λΌˆμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
Two wealthy scientists in particularβ€”
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특히 λΆ€μœ ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μΈ
00:22
Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Copeβ€”
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μ˜€μŠ€λ‹ˆμ—˜ 찰슀 λ§ˆμ‰¬μ™€ μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ λ“œλ§μ»€ μ½”ν”„λŠ”
00:25
competed to uncover these prehistoric monsters.
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이 μ„ μ‚¬μ‹œλŒ€ 괴물듀을 λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ²½μŸν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Marsh and Cope were first to describe iconic creatures
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λ§ˆμ‰¬μ™€ μ½”ν”„λŠ” 처음으둜 상징적인 생λͺ…체듀,
00:32
like Brontosaurus, Triceratops, and Stegosaurus.
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λΈŒλ‘ ν† μ‚¬μš°λ£¨μŠ€, νŠΈλΌμ΄μ„ΈλΌν†±μŠ€, μŠ€ν…Œκ³ μ‚¬μš°λ£¨μŠ€λ₯Ό λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
But they also showcased the destructive whirlwind of profiteering and ambition
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 이득 좔ꡬ와 μ•Όλ§μ˜ 파괴적인 μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄λ₯Ό 보여주기도 ν–ˆμ£ .
00:42
that fueled American science during the late 1800s.
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19세기말 λ―Έκ΅­ 과학계λ₯Ό μΆ”λ™ν•˜λ˜ κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
Their rivalry, one of the most notorious scientific feuds in history,
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역사상 κ°€μž₯ μ•…λͺ… 높은 과학적 λ…ΌμŸ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 경쟁 μ˜μ‹μ€
00:50
became known as the Bone Wars.
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β€˜λΌˆ μ „μŸβ€™μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
Marsh was ill-tempered and had a knack for debunking falsehoods.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” μ„±λ―Έκ°€ κΉŒλ‹€λ‘­κ³  거짓을 λ°ν˜€λ‚΄λŠ” 데 λŠ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
One woman said that getting to know him was β€œlike running against a pitchfork.”
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ν•œ 여성은 κ·Έλ₯Ό μ•„λŠ” 것은
β€˜μ‡ μŠ€λž‘μ— λΆ€λ”ͺνžˆλ©΄μ„œ λ‹¬λ¦¬λŠ” 것’이라고 λ§ν–ˆμ„ 정도죠.
01:03
Cope, on the other hand, was charismatic and given to bold theorizing.
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반면 μ½”ν”„λŠ” 카리슀마적이고 λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ 이둠에 μ—΄μ •μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
But he was also sarcastic and temperamental.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λƒ‰μ†Œμ μ΄κ³  μ‹ κ²½μ§ˆμ μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
01:11
By his own admission, he wasn’t
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직접 λ§ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό, κ·ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ΄
01:13
β€œconstructed for getting along comfortably with the general run of people.”
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β€˜μ• μ΄ˆμ— μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό νŽΈν•˜κ²Œ μ–΄μšΈλ¦¬κ³  μ„žμ΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒβ€™μ΄λΌκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
When Marsh and Cope first met in 1864, they were friendly,
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1864년에 λ§ˆμ‰¬μ™€ μ½”ν”„κ°€ 처음 λ§Œλ‚¬μ„ λ•Œ λ‘˜μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄λŠ” μ’‹μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
and each named a new species in the other’s honor.
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μ„œλ‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 쑴경의 ν‘œμ‹œλ‘œ 각자 μƒˆ 생λͺ…체에 이름을 λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
But their relationship soon soured.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‘˜μ˜ κ΄€κ³„λŠ” 금방 ν‹€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
In 1868, Cope took Marsh to a quarry near his home in New Jersey
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1868λ…„, μ½”ν”„κ°€ λ§ˆμ‰¬λ₯Ό μžμ‹ μ˜ 집 근처인 λ‰΄μ €μ§€μ˜ 채석μž₯에 λ°λ €κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
where one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons to date
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ κ°€μž₯ μ˜¨μ „ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 곡룑 화석이 막 발견된 κ³³μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
had recently been discovered.
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01:38
Sensing an opportunity, Marsh paid the mine operators
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κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ³Έ λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” κ΄‘μ‚° μš΄μ˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ
01:42
to send him the most interesting new finds.
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μƒˆλ‘œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 것 쀑 제일 μ‹ κΈ°ν•œ 것을 μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ 보내라며 λˆμ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
Outraged, Cope accused Marsh of bribery.
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λΆ„λ…Έν•œ μ½”ν”„λŠ” λ§ˆμ‰¬κ°€ λ‡Œλ¬Όμ„ μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λΉ„λ‚œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
That same year, Cope showed Marsh his reconstruction of a new marine reptile
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같은 해에 μ½”ν”„λŠ” λ§ˆμ‰¬μ—κ²Œ
μƒˆ ν•΄μ–‘ μƒλ¬Όμ˜ 볡원물, μ—˜λΌμŠ€λͺ¨μ‚¬μš°λ£¨μŠ€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
called Elasmosaurus.
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01:56
Marsh immediately noticed that something was wrong:
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 무언가가 잘λͺ»λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ¦‰μ‹œ μ•Œμ•„μ±˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
Cope had mistaken the creature’s long neck for its tail.
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μ½”ν”„λŠ” μ—˜λΌμŠ€λͺ¨μ‚¬μš°λ₯΄μŠ€μ˜ κΈ΄ λͺ©μ„ 꼬리둜 μ°©κ°ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
When Cope's mentor sided with Marsh, Cope was mortified.
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μ½”ν”„μ˜ 은사가 λ§ˆμ‰¬μ˜ νŽΈμ„ λ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, μ½”ν”„λŠ” κ΅΄μš•κ°μ„ λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
He tried to buy and destroy every copy of the article containing his blunder,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ μ‹€λ¦° λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έν—Œμ„ μ‚¬μ„œ 없애버리렀 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:13
but to no avail.
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아무 μ†Œμš©μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
Their mutual resentment blossomed.
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μ„œλ‘œμ—κ²Œ μ›ν•œμ΄ μ‹ΉνŠΈκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
After the transcontinental railroad was completed the following year,
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λŒ€λ₯™ νš‘λ‹¨ 철도가 λ‹€μŒ 해에 μ™„μ„±λ˜κ³ λ‚˜μ„œ
02:22
Cope and Marsh began scouring the American West for fossils.
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코프와 λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 화석을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ―Έκ΅­ μ„œλΆ€λ₯Ό 샅샅이 λ’€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
They found riches the likes of which neither had dreamed.
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그듀은 λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λ§Žμ€ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Relying on the help of Native American guides,
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μ›μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ μ•ˆλ‚΄λ₯Ό λ°›μœΌλ©°,
02:32
Marsh made some especially significant discoveries,
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 특히 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
like ancient birds with teeth that are still celebrated
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그쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 이빨이 μžˆλŠ” κ³ λŒ€ μƒˆλ‘œ
μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ 곡룑과 ν˜„λŒ€ μ‘°λ₯˜ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 쀑간 λ‹€λ¦¬λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
as a missing link between dinosaurs and modern birds.
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02:44
Cope made important discoveries, too,
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코프도 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:46
but Marsh successfully invalidated many of them,
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λ§ˆμ‰¬κ°€ 그의 λ§Žμ€ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  ν•˜λ©°
02:49
showing them to be redundant with other known species.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ’…λ“€κ³Ό μ€‘λ³΅λ˜λŠ” 뢀뢄듀을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
Enraged, Cope tried to secure priority for new findings
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μ„±λ‚œ μ½”ν”„λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ 발견이 μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ 빨리 μ•Œλ €μ§€λ„λ‘
02:57
by announcing them via telegram.
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전보λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ°œν‘œλ₯Ό ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
He even purchased a respected journal
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κ·ΈλŠ” 높이 ν‰κ°€λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ ν•™μˆ μ§€λ₯Ό κ΅¬μž…ν•΄μ„œ
03:01
so future publications could be rushed into print.
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λ‹€μŒ 판이 μ„œλ‘˜λŸ¬ μΆœνŒλ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
But Marsh used his personal fortune to gain the upper hand,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 개인 μž¬μ‚°μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ μš°μœ„λ₯Ό μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
hiring a small army of fossil hunters to out-compete his rival.
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μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨μ˜ 화석 λ°œκ΅΄λŒ€λ₯Ό κ³ μš©ν•΄ 경쟁자λ₯Ό μ•žμ„œλ € ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
In 1878, Marsh bought an especially promising quarry in Como Bluff, Wyoming,
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1878년에
λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆλŠ” μ™€μ΄μ˜€λ°μ£Ό μ½”λͺ¨ λΈ”λŸ¬ν”„μŠ€ 광산을
03:19
from two frontier collectors.
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κ°œμ²™μ§€ μˆ˜μ§‘κ°€ 두 λͺ…μ—κ²Œμ„œ μƒ€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
It yielded tons of fossils,
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 화석이 λ‚˜μ™”κ³ 
03:24
including the near-complete skeleton of a gigantic dinosaur
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κ·Έμ€‘μ—λŠ” 거의 μ™„λ²½ν•œ κ±°λŒ€ 곡룑의 화석도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
that Marsh named Brontosaurus.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” λΈŒλ‘ ν† μ‚¬μš°λ£¨μŠ€λΌκ³  이름을 λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
Over the next 10 years, his men shipped him more than 480 boxes
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κ·Έ ν›„ μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
그의 λ°œκ΅΄μžλ“€μ€ 곡룑뼈 μƒμžλ₯Ό 480개 이상 λ³΄λ‚΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
of dinosaur bones from Como alone.
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μ½”λͺ¨ ν•œ κ³³μ—μ„œλ§Œμš”.
03:39
Marsh named dozens of new species.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’… μ‹­μ—¬ κ°œμ— 이름을 λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
But his assistants could be ruthless in their quest
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆμ‰¬μ˜ 과학적 야망을 μœ„ν•˜λŠ” 그의 μ‘°μˆ˜λ“€μ€ λ¬΄μžλΉ„ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
to further Marsh’s scientific ambitions.
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03:48
They sometimes destroyed fossils just to prevent them
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μ½”ν”„μ˜ 손에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 것을 λ§‰μœΌλ €κ³  λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ 화석을 ν›Όμ†ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
from falling into Cope’s hands.
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03:53
Desperate to catch up with Marsh,
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λ₯Ό λ”°λΌμž‘λŠ” 것이 μ ˆμ‹€ν–ˆλ˜ μ½”ν”„λŠ”
03:55
Cope invested his dwindling fortune into silver mining.
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쀄어듀고 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 그의 μž¬μ‚°μ„ 은광에 νˆ¬μžν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
The gamble failed, and he was left nearly destitute.
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μ½”ν”„μ˜ 도박은 μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆκ³ , 거의 λΉˆν„Έν„°λ¦¬κ°€ 되고 λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
While Cope contemplated selling his precious collection,
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μ½”ν”„κ°€ 그의 κ·€μ€‘ν•œ μˆ˜μ§‘ν’ˆμ„ νŒ”μ•„μ•Ό 할지λ₯Ό κ³ λ―Όν•  λ•Œ,
04:07
Marsh was named lead paleontologist for the US Geological Survey.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ μ§€μ§ˆ μ‘°μ‚¬κ΅­μ˜ μˆ˜μ„ κ³ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμ— 지λͺ…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
This well-funded branch of the government often sponsored Westward expeditions,
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자금이 λ„‰λ„‰ν•œ 이 μ •λΆ€ λΆ€μ„œλŠ” μ„œλΆ€ μ›μ •λŒ€λ₯Ό 자주 ν›„μ›ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
04:16
giving Marsh even more resources to vanquish his rival.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 경쟁자λ₯Ό 제칠 μžμ›μ„ λ”μš± 많이 ν™•λ³΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
The Bone Wars spilled into public view when Cope had a tabloid newspaper
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λŒ€μ€‘μ΄ 이 β€˜λΌˆ μ „μŸβ€™μ„ μ•Œκ²Œ 된 것은
μ½”ν”„κ°€ νƒ€λΈ”λ‘œμ΄λ“œ 신문에 기사λ₯Ό λ‚΄μ„œ
04:25
publish an article accusing Marsh of plagiarism, fraud, and corruption.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λ₯Ό ν‘œμ ˆ, 사기, λΆ€νŒ¨ 혐의둜 λΉ„λ‚œν•œ λ•Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Marsh fired back and the two further tarnished each other’s reputations.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 그에 λΆˆκ°™μ΄ λ°˜λ°•ν–ˆκ³  μ„œλ‘œ μƒλŒ€μ˜ ν‰νŒμ„ κΉŽμ•„λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
Neither ever relented.
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λ‘˜ λ‹€ λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
When Cope died, he donated his skull to science,
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ½”ν”„κ°€ 죽을 λ•Œ, λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ„ κΈ°μ¦ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
04:42
hoping to prove that his brain was larger than that of his enemy.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ κ²½μŸμžλ³΄λ‹€ ν¬λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 증λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Marsh never accepted the challenge.
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λ§ˆμ‰¬λŠ” 이 λ„λ°œμ— μ‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
Although Marsh named more species than Cope,
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λ§ˆμ‰¬κ°€ 코프보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ 쒅에 이름을 뢙이긴 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:53
both men greatly expanded our understanding of evolution.
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두 μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘ 진화에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό 크게 λ„“ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
But their egotistical one-upmanship reminds us that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 이기적인 행동은
05:01
in spite of its ideals,
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이상과 달리
05:03
science is a personal enterprise conducted by individualβ€”
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과학은 개인이 μ£Όλ„ν•˜λŠ” 개인 사업이고
05:07
and at times deeply flawedβ€” human beings.
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λ–„λ‘œλŠ” 인간에 μ˜ν•΄ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 결함이 생길 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 상기해 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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