Watch this if you're scared of snakes - Andrew Whitworth

1,392,481 views ใƒป 2022-04-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:07
We get it, not everyone loves snakes.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื™ื.
00:11
You may not want to encounter one in the wild.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:15
To each their own!
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘!
00:16
Thatโ€™s why weโ€™re here, to take you on a world tour
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™
00:20
of some of natureโ€™s most incredible snakes from the safety of your homeโ€”
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื --
00:25
and with your very own intrepid guide.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:29
All the snakes weโ€™ll be visiting belong to a group called the vipers.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืงืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฆืคืขื™ื (ื•ื•ื™ืคืจ).
00:33
As of 2021, there are 368 species of viper worldwide.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ 2021, ื™ืฉ 368 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:39
The name comes from the term viviparity, which means giving birth to live young.
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ื”ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื•ื ื— ื•ื™ื•ื™ืคืืจื™ื˜ื™, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืœืœื“ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:46
Unlike most snakes, which lay eggs,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
00:48
most vipers have eggs that hatch inside the mother,
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ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืคืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื,
00:52
who then gives birth to up to dozens of tiny snakes.
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ืฉืื– ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
00:56
Not glad youโ€™re safe at home yet?
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ืืชื ืœื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
00:59
Vipers are also often highly venomous,
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ืฆืคืขื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืืจืกื™ื™ื,
01:02
with two hollow fangs that fold flat to the roofs of their mouths.
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ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืœื’ื’ ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:06
This allows the fangs to be extra long,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
01:09
unfolding into imposing weapons when the viper prepares to strike.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืฆืคืขื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ.
01:15
So how about we pay them a surprise visit?
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ืื– ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืฉื ื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื”?
01:20
First stop: the southeastern United States,
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ืชื—ื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:23
where we can hear the viper before we can see it.
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืคืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:27
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest of 36 species of rattlesnake.
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ื”ืขื›ืกืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 36 ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื ื™ื.
01:33
Rattlesnakes can shake their rattles up to 90 times per second
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ืขื›ืกื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉืงืฉ ื‘ืจืขืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ 90 ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
01:37
to warn off predators for hours if needed.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ.
01:41
The rattle consists of hollow, interlocked segments made of keratin,
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ื”ืจืขืฉืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:45
the same substance that makes our nails and hair.
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืขืจ.
01:49
When the snake shakes its tail, these segments hit each other,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉ ืžืฉืงืฉืง ื‘ื–ื ื‘ื•, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
01:52
creating a shockingly loud noise.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืขืฉ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:55
Now onto the mountains of western Iran, where a spider crawls across a rock,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืฉื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื—ืœ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืกืœืข,
02:01
making easy prey for a passing birdโ€” or not.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืงืœ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช -- ืื• ืœื.
02:06
The spider-tailed horned viper is perfectly camouflaged, almost invisible,
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ื”ืฆืคืข ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื ืŸ ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”,
02:12
except for its unique bulbous tail-tip with long drooping scales
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื‘ื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื
02:17
that look like a leggy spider.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
02:20
Spider-tailed vipers are only about 50 centimeters long,
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ืฆืคืขื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื ื‘ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 50 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:24
so they can lure small birds within striking range
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืคื’ื™ืขื”
02:27
without compromising their ability to squeeze into narrow rock crevices.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื“ื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื.
02:32
In the rainforests of Latin America lives a viper
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ ืฆืคืข
02:35
that couldnโ€™t be more different from the spider-tailed viperโ€”
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆืคืข ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ --
02:39
if you can find it.
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
02:42
Itโ€™s one of the most elusive snakes in the world:
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื:
02:45
the bushmaster.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžืืกื˜ืจ.
02:47
The bushmaster is a pit viper.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆืคืข ืฉืงืข.
02:49
Between each eye and nostril, it has a heat-sensing pit
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื ื—ื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืงืข ืฉื—ืฉ ื—ื•ื
02:53
with a membrane covered in highly sensitive receptors
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ืขื ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:57
that respond to temperature changes
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
02:59
as small as one one-thousandth of a degree Celsius.
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ืฉืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืืœืคื™ืช ืžืขืœื”.
03:03
These pits gather infrared information that is integrated with visual information
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ื”ืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ื ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื•
03:08
in the optic tectum.
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ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™.
03:10
This allows the bushmaster to โ€œseeโ€ the heat signature
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉืžืืกื˜ืจ โ€œืœืจืื•ืชโ€ ืืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื
03:13
of approaching prey or predators,
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ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืฃ ืื• ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืชืงืจื‘,
03:16
helping it decide whether or not to strike and strike more accurately.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื• ืœื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
03:21
This comes in handy for guarding a nestโ€”
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ --
03:24
unlike most other vipers, the bushmaster lays eggs
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆืคืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžืืกื˜ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช
03:27
in hollowed out tree buttresses or burrows made by other animals.
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ื‘ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฅ ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:31
It must be large enough to defend its nestโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ --
03:34
in fact, the bushmaster is the largest viper in the world,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืคืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:38
reaching lengths of over 11 feet, with huge fangs and deadly venom.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš 3.6 ืžื˜ืจ, ืขื ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืจืก ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
03:44
Meanwhile, in the forests of sub-Saharan Africa,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืชืช ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
03:47
thereโ€™s a shorter, chunkier viper thatโ€™s even more venomous than the bushmaster.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆืคืข ืงืฆืจ ื•ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจืกื™ ืžื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžืืกื˜ืจ.
03:53
The African Gaboon viper has the longest fangs of any snakeโ€”
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ืœืฆืคืข ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื ื—ืฉ --
03:58
yes, all 3,879 snake species, not just vipersโ€”
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ื›ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ 3,879 ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืคืขื™ื --
04:04
and can deliver 1,000 milligrams of venom in a single biteโ€”
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ 1,000 ืžื™ืœื™ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ืืจืก ื‘ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช --
04:09
enough to kill ten adult humans.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
04:12
Although deadly, Gaboon vipers have a reputation
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™, ืœืฆืคืขื™ ื’ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ
04:15
for being slow-moving and placid creatures.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื.
04:19
When they do strike, they hold onto their rodent prey while the venom takes effect,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื, ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจืฃ ื”ืžื›ืจืกื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืจืก ืžืฉืคื™ืข,
04:24
then quickly swallow it down.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:27
At this point, you may be worrying about our guideโ€” but never fear,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ื• -- ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•,
04:31
rodents like our little desert kangaroo rat have their own skills
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ืœืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื ื’ืจื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื
04:35
to evade the serpentโ€™s tooth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉ.
04:37
They stomp their feet at rattlesnakes, kick sand towards them,
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ื”ื ืจื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืœ ืขื›ืกื ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื,
04:41
and evade their strikes with acrobatic leaps and powerful kicksโ€”
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ื•ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืืงืจื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช --
04:45
helping them live to guide another snake tour.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืกื™ื•ืจ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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