How the heart actually pumps blood - Edmond Hui

4,203,050 views ใƒป 2014-05-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
For most of history,
0
6495
1990
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:08
humans had no idea what purpose the heart served.
1
8485
4012
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืœื‘.
00:12
In fact, the organ so confused Leonardo da Vinci,
2
12497
3883
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืช ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™,
00:16
that he gave up studying it.
3
16380
2341
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
00:18
Although everyone could feel their own heart beating,
4
18721
2681
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืคื•ืขื,
00:21
it wasn't always clear what each thump was achieving.
5
21402
4339
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื”.
00:25
Now we know that the heart pumps blood.
6
25741
2817
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื“ื.
00:28
But that fact wasn't always obvious,
7
28558
2358
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
00:30
because if a heart was exposed or taken out,
8
30916
2371
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืœื‘ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืื• ื”ื•ืฆื,
00:33
the body would perish quickly.
9
33287
1851
ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:35
It's also impossible to see through the blood vessels,
10
35138
3111
ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
00:38
and even if that were possible,
11
38249
1703
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™,
00:39
the blood itself is opaque,
12
39952
1797
ื”ื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืฉืงื•ืฃ,
00:41
making it difficult to see the heart valves working.
13
41749
3151
ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืคื•ืขืžื™ื.
00:44
Even in the 21st century,
14
44900
2030
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืื” ื” 21,
00:46
only a few people in surgery teams
15
46930
2297
ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—
00:49
have actually seen a working heart.
16
49227
2807
ืจืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:52
Internet searches for heart function,
17
52034
1978
ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ ืจืฉืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘,
00:54
point to crude models, diagrams
18
54012
2110
ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ื’ืกื™ื
00:56
or animations that don't really show how it works.
19
56122
3552
ืื• ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:59
It's as if there has been a centuries old conspiracy
20
59699
2528
ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
01:02
amongst teachers and students
21
62227
1788
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
01:04
to accept that heart function cannot be demonstrated.
22
64015
3361
ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘.
01:07
Meaning that the next best thing
23
67376
1663
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื
01:09
is simply to cut it open and label the parts.
24
69039
3229
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ื•.
01:12
That way students might not fully grasp the way it works,
25
72268
3075
ื›ืš ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
01:15
but can superficially understand it,
26
75343
2732
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื—ื™,
01:18
learning such concepts as
27
78075
1788
ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•
01:19
the heart is a four-chambered organ,
28
79863
2269
ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื,
01:22
or potentially misleading statements like,
29
82132
2218
ืื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
01:24
mammals have a dual-circulation:
30
84350
2273
ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ:
01:26
one with blood going to the lungs and back,
31
86623
2389
ืื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ืจื”,
01:29
and another to the body and back.
32
89012
2098
ื•ืื—ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”.
01:31
In reality, mammals have a figure-eight circulation.
33
91110
3445
ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
01:34
Blood goes from one heart pump to the lungs,
34
94555
2658
ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืžืฉืื‘ืช ืœื‘ ืื—ืช ืœืจื™ืื•ืช,
01:37
back to the second heart pump, which sends it to the body,
35
97213
3283
ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
01:40
and then back to the first pump.
36
100496
1967
ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:42
That's an important difference
37
102463
1504
ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:43
because it marks two completely different morphologies.
38
103967
3673
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:47
This confusion makes many students
39
107640
1880
ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
01:49
wary of the heart in biology lessons,
40
109520
2738
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:52
thinking it signals an intimidating subject
41
112258
2615
ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจืชื™ืข
01:54
full of complicated names and diagrams.
42
114873
2900
ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช.
01:57
Only those who end up studying medicine
43
117773
2293
ืจืง ืืœื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
02:00
compeltely understand how it all actually works.
44
120066
3269
ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:03
That's when its functions become apparent
45
123335
2068
ืื– ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
02:05
as medics get to observe the motion of the heart's valves.
46
125403
3577
ื›ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื‘.
02:08
So, let's imagine you're a medic for a day.
47
128980
2863
ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื™ื•ื.
02:11
What you'll need to get started is a whole fresh heart,
48
131843
3196
ืžื” ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืœื‘ ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœื,
02:15
like one from a sheep or pig.
49
135039
2429
ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื‘ืฉื” ืื• ื—ื–ื™ืจ.
02:17
Immerse this heart in water
50
137468
1698
ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืžื™ื
02:19
and you'll see that it doesn't pump when squeezed by hand.
51
139166
3296
ื•ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ืื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืขื ื”ื™ื“.
02:22
That's because water doesn't enter the heart cleanly enough
52
142462
2964
ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืœื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:25
for the pumping mechanism to work.
53
145426
2267
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ื‘ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:27
We can solve this problem in an extraordinarly simple way.
54
147693
3844
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
02:31
Simply identify the two atria and cut them off,
55
151537
3582
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื”ื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืชื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:35
trimming them down to the tops of the ventricles.
56
155119
2980
ืงืฆืฆื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื.
02:38
This makes the heart look less complicated
57
158099
2263
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืœื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืคื—ื•ืช
02:40
because the atria have several incoming veins attached.
58
160362
3627
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:43
So without them there, the only vessels remaining
59
163989
2835
ืื– ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื•
02:46
are the two major heart arteries:
60
166824
2119
ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืจืงื™ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
02:48
the aorta and pulmonary artery,
61
168943
2383
ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืจื™ืืชื™,
02:51
which rise like white columns from between the ventricles.
62
171326
3508
ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื.
02:54
It looks -- and really is -- very simple.
63
174834
2919
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” -- ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช -- ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:57
If you run water into the right ventricle from a tap
64
177753
3464
ืื ืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืžื‘ืจื–
03:01
(the left also works, but less spectacularly),
65
181217
2882
(ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ).
03:04
you'll see that the ventricular valve
66
184099
1893
ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ืฉืกืชื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืจื™
03:05
tries to close against the incoming stream.
67
185992
3069
ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื’ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžื’ื™ืข.
03:09
And then ventricle inflates with water.
68
189061
2419
ื•ืื– ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืžืชื ืคื— ืžืžื™ื.
03:11
Squeeze the ventricle and a stream of water
69
191480
2411
ืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื–ืจื ืžื™ื
03:13
squirts out of the pulmonary artery.
70
193891
2354
ืžืฉืคื™ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืจื™ืืชื™.
03:16
The ventricular valves, called the tricuspid in the right ventricle
71
196245
3499
ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื ื”ืชืœืช-ืคืกื™ื’ื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™
03:19
and the mitral in the left,
72
199744
1933
ื•ื”ืžืกืชื ื”ืฆื ื™ืคื™ ื‘ืฉืžืืœื™,
03:21
can be seen through the clear water
73
201677
1692
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื
03:23
opening and closing like parachutes
74
203369
2429
ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื
03:25
as the ventricle is rhythmically squeezed.
75
205798
2744
ื›ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™.
03:28
This flow of water mimics the flow of blood in life.
76
208542
3720
ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:32
The valves are completely efficient.
77
212262
2028
ื”ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:34
You'll notice they don't leak at all when the ventricles are squeezed.
78
214290
3791
ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื.
03:38
Over time, they also close against each other
79
218081
2787
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ื’ื ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
03:40
with very little wear and tear,
80
220868
1901
ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืงื”,
03:42
which explains how this mechanism continues to work seamlessly
81
222769
3240
ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ
03:46
for more than 2 billion beats a heart gives in its lifetime.
82
226009
4312
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:50
Now, anyone studying the heart can hold one in their hands,
83
230321
3679
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•,
03:54
make it pump for real
84
234000
1519
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ื ื‘ืืžืช
03:55
and watch the action unfold.
85
235519
1927
ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.
03:57
So place your hand above your own
86
237446
2171
ืื– ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
03:59
and feel its rhymic beat.
87
239617
2292
ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช.
04:01
Understanding how this dependable inner pump works
88
241909
2624
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
04:04
gives new resonance to the feeling you get
89
244533
2338
ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
04:06
when you run a race,
90
246871
1190
ื›ืฉืืชื ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ,
04:08
drink too much caffeine
91
248061
1393
ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืคืื™ืŸ
04:09
or catch the eye of the one you love.
92
249454
2377
ืื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7