Why should you read "Macbeth"? - Brendan Pelsue

3,492,932 views ใƒป 2017-11-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
There's a play so powerful that an old superstition says
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง ืฉืืžื•ื ื” ื˜ืคืœื” ืื•ืžืจืช
00:11
its name should never even be uttered in a theater,
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ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
00:16
a play that begins with witchcraft and ends with a bloody severed head,
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ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืžื,
00:21
a play filled with riddles, prophesies, nightmare visions,
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ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืœื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช,
00:26
and lots of brutal murder,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช,
00:28
a play by William Shakespeare sometimes referred to as the "Scottish Play"
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ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›"ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™"
00:34
or the "Tragedy of Macbeth."
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ืื• "ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืช'."
00:38
First performed at the Globe Theater in London in 1606,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ 1606,
00:41
"Macbeth" is Shakespeare's shortest tragedy.
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"ืžืงื‘ืช'" ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ.
00:44
It is also one of his most action-packed.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื›ื™ ืžืœืื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:48
In five acts, he recounts a story of a Scottish nobleman
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืฆื™ืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™
00:51
who steals the throne,
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ืฉื’ื•ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ,
00:53
presides over a reign of terror,
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ืžื•ืœืš ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
00:55
and then meets a bloody end.
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ื•ืื– ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ืคื• ื”ืžื“ืžื.
00:58
Along the way, it asks important questions about ambition,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช,
01:02
power,
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ื›ื•ื—,
01:03
and violence
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ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
01:04
that spoke directly to the politics of Shakespeare's time
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ
01:08
and continue to echo in our own.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื ื•.
01:12
England in the early 17th century was politically precarious.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 17 ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:17
Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 without producing an heir,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื” ื‘ 1603 ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื™ื•ืจืฉ,
01:21
and in a surprise move,
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ื•ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
01:23
her advisors passed the crown to James Stewart, King of Scotland.
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ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืฉืœื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื“ ืžืœืš ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“.
01:29
Two years later, James was subject to an assassination attempt
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ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื—
01:32
called the Gunpowder Plot.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื–ื™ืžืช ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”.
01:35
Questions of what made for a legitimate king
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืœืš ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™
01:37
were on everyone's lips.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื.
01:41
So Shakespeare must have known he had potent material
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ืื– ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื–ืง
01:44
when he conflated and adapted the stories
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:47
of a murderous 11th century Scottish King named Macbeth
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ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืจืฆื—ื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 11 ื‘ืฉื ืžืงื‘ืช'
01:51
and those of several other Scottish nobles.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:55
He found their annals in Hollinshed's "Chronicles,"
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื ื‘"ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงืœืก" ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื“,
01:58
a popular 16th century history of Britain and Ireland.
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 16.
02:03
Shakespeare would also have known he needed to tell his story
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ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
02:06
in a way that would immediately grab the attention
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืคื•ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
02:09
of his diverse and rowdy audience.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืข ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
02:13
The Globe welcomed all sections of society.
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ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ ืงื™ื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
02:16
Wealthier patrons watched the stage from covered balconies
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ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื• ื‘ื‘ืžื” ืžืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
02:19
while poorer people paid a penny to take in the show
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืคื ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื”
02:22
from an open-air section called the pit.
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ืžื—ืœืง ืคืชื•ื— ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:25
Talking, jeering, and cheering was common during performances.
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช.
02:30
There are even accounts of audiences throwing furniture when plays were flops.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉื–ืจืงื• ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
02:36
So "Macbeth" opens with a literal bang.
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ืื– "ืžืงื‘ืช'" ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ.
02:40
Thunder cracks and three witches appear.
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ืจืขื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช.
02:42
They announce they're searching
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช
02:44
for a Scottish nobleman and war hero named Macbeth,
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ืืฆื™ืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืงื‘ืช',
02:48
then fly off while chanting a curse that predicts a world gone mad.
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ื•ืื– ืขืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืช ืงืœืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉืชื’ืข.
02:54
"Fair is foul and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air."
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"ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืžืจื—ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ื”ื."
03:01
As seen later, they find Macbeth and his fellow nobleman Banquo.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื‘ืช' ื•ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•.
03:05
"All hail Macbeth," they prophesize, "that shalt be king hereafter!"
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"ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื‘ืช", ื”ืŸ ืžื ื‘ืื•ืช, "ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•!"
03:14
"King?" Macbeth wonders.
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"ืžืœืš?" ืžืงื‘ืช' ืชื•ื”ื”.
03:16
Just what would he have to do to gain the crown?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชืจ?
03:20
Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth
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ืžืงื‘ืช' ื•ืืฉืชื• ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื‘ืช'
03:23
soon chart a course of murder, lies, and betrayal.
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ืฉืจื˜ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื—, ืฉืงืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
03:27
In the ensuing bloodbath,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืฅ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข,
03:28
Shakespeare provides viewers with some of the most memorable passages
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ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืžืกืคืง ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื
03:32
in English literature.
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ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
03:35
"Out, damned spot! Out, I say!" Lady Macbeth cries when she believes
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"ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื›ืชื ืืจื•ืจ! ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช!" ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื‘ืช' ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื”
03:40
she can't wipe her victim's blood off her hands.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื’ื‘ ืืช ื“ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ื”.
03:44
Her obsession with guilt is one of many themes that runs through the play,
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ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื ืืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ื–ื”,
03:49
along with the universal tendency to abuse power,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืœืจืขื”,
03:52
the endless cycles of violence and betrayal,
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ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”,
03:56
the defying political conflict.
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ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื™ืก.
03:59
As is typical with Shakespeare's language,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ,
04:01
a number of phrases that got their start in the play
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”
04:04
have been repeated so many times that they now feel commonplace.
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ื—ื–ืจื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:08
They include "the milk of human kindness,"
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื "ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,"
04:12
"what's done is done,"
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"ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”, ื ืขืฉื”,"
04:14
and the famous witches' spell,
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ื•ื”ืœื—ืฉ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช,
04:16
"Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and caldron bubble."
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"ื›ืคื•ืœ, ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืžืœ ื•ื‘ืœื’ืŸ; ืืฉ ื‘ื•ืขืจืช, ื•ืงื“ืจื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขืช."
04:24
But Shakespeare saves the juiciest bit of all for Macbeth himself.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืขืกื™ืกื™ ืžื›ืœ ืœืžืงื‘ืช' ืขืฆืžื•.
04:28
Towards the end of the play, Macbeth reflects on the universality of death
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ืžืงื‘ืช' ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
04:32
and the futility of life.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:35
"Out, out, brief candle!" he laments.
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"ื›ื‘ื”, ื›ื‘ื”, ื ืจ ื—ื•ืœืฃ!" ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืŸ.
04:40
"Life's but a walking shadow,
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"ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ืฆืœ ืžืชื”ืœืš,
04:42
a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื•ืžืœืœ ืฉืžืชื”ืœืš ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ืืช ืฉืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”
04:47
and then is heard no more.
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ื•ืื– ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:49
It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜, ืžืœื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื–ืขื
04:54
signifying nothing."
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ืฉืžืกืžืœื™ื ื›ืœื•ื."
04:57
Life may be a tale told my an idiot, but "Macbeth" is not.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ "ืžืงื‘ืช'" ืœื.
05:02
Shakespeare's language and characters have entered our cultural consciousness
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:06
to a rare extent.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื•.
05:08
Directors often use the story to shed light on abuses of power,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
05:12
ranging from the American mafia
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
05:14
to dictators across the globe.
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ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก.
05:17
The play has been adapted to film many times,
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ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชืื ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
05:19
including Akira Kurosawa's "Throne of Blood,"
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ื›ื•ืœืœ "ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืžื," ืฉืœ ืืงื™ืจื” ืงื•ืจืกืื•ื•ื”,
05:22
which takes place in feudal Japan,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ืช,
05:25
and a modernized version called "Scotland, PA,"
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“, PA"
05:28
in which Macbeth and his rivals
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ื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืช' ื•ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•
05:30
are managers of competing fast food restaurants.
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ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช.
05:34
No matter the presentation,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”,
05:36
questions of morality,
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ,
05:37
politics,
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
05:39
and power are still relevant today,
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ื•ื›ื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:42
and so, it seems, is Shakespeare's "Macbeth."
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ื•ื›ืš, ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื "ืžืงื‘ืช'" ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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