Why should you read Virgil's "Aeneid"? - Mark Robinson

1,037,392 views ใƒป 2017-10-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In 19 B.C., the Roman poet Virgil was traveling from Greece to Rome
0
7111
5180
ื‘ืฉื ืช 19 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ื ืกืข ืžื™ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ืžื
00:12
with the emperor Augustus.
1
12291
2593
ืขื ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก.
00:14
On the way, he stopped to go sightseeing in Megara, a town in Greece.
2
14884
5609
ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืจื”, ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:20
Out in the sun for too long, he suffered heatstroke
3
20493
2671
ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœืžื›ืช ื—ื•ื
00:23
and died on his journey back to Italy.
4
23164
3889
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
00:27
On his deathbed,
5
27053
1270
ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™,
00:28
Virgil thought about the manuscript he had been working on for over ten years,
6
28323
4311
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:32
an epic poem that he called the "Aeneid."
7
32634
4363
ืคื•ืืžื” ืืคื™ืช ืœื” ืงืจื "ืื ื™ืื“."
00:36
Unsatisfied with the final edit, he asked his friends to burn it,
8
36997
3976
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”,
00:40
but they refused,
9
40973
2131
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืกืจื‘ื•,
00:43
and soon after Virgil's death, Augustus ordered it to be published.
10
43104
5670
ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืคืจืกื ืื•ืชื”.
00:48
Why was Augustus so interested in saving Virgil's poem?
11
48774
5732
ืœืžื” ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ?
00:54
The Romans had little tradition of writing serious literature
12
54506
3259
ืœืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
00:57
and Virgil wanted to create a poem
13
57765
1980
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืฆืจ ืคื•ืืžื”
00:59
to rival the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" of Ancient Greece.
14
59745
4489
ืฉืชืชื—ืจื” ื‘"ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื•ืช" ื•"ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
01:04
The "Aeneid," a 9,896 line poem, spans twelve separate sections, or books,
15
64234
8020
ื”"ืื ื™ืื“," ืคื•ืืžื” ื‘ืช 9897 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ืžืชื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ืื• ืกืคืจื™ื,
01:12
the first six of which mirror the structure of the "Odyssey"
16
72254
3162
ื”ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื”"
01:15
and the last six echo the "Iliad."
17
75416
3724
ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”"ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื•ืช."
01:19
Also like the Greek epics,
18
79140
2114
ื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืคื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:21
The "Aeneid" is written entirely in dactylic hexameter.
19
81254
4542
ื”"ืื ื™ืื“" ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืงืกืžื˜ืจ ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™.
01:25
In this meter, each line has six syllable groups called feet
20
85796
4354
ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
01:30
made up of dactyls which go long, short, short,
21
90150
5129
ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš, ืงืฆืจ, ืงืฆืจ,
01:35
and spondees which go long, long.
22
95279
4234
ื•ืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืืจื•ืš, ืืจื•ืš.
01:39
So the famous opening line in the original Latin starts,
23
99513
3517
ืื– ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”,
01:43
"Arma Virvmqve Cano,"
24
103030
3100
"ืืจืžื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืžืงื• ืงืื ื•,"
01:46
which can be translated as "I sing of arms and the man,"
25
106130
4592
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจื’ื ืœ"ืื ื™ ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉืง ื•ื”ืื“ื,"
01:50
arms, meaning battles and warfare, another "Iliad" reference,
26
110722
4760
ื ืฉืง ืžืฉืžืขื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืขื•ื“ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ืœื™ืื“ื•ืช,
01:55
and the man being the hero Aeneas.
27
115482
3099
ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ืืก.
01:58
To understand the "Aeneid,"
28
118581
2499
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”"ืื ื™ืื“,"
02:01
it's necessary to examine the unsettled nature of Roman politics
29
121080
4081
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืœื ืจื’ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช
02:05
in the second half of the 1st century B.C.
30
125161
4067
ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 1 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:09
In 49 B.C., Julius Caesar, Augustus's great uncle,
31
129228
4489
ื‘ 49 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ, ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก,
02:13
triggered nearly 20 years of civil war
32
133717
2684
ื”ืฆื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืฉื ื”
02:16
when he led his army against the Roman Republic.
33
136401
3813
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช.
02:20
After introducing a dictatorship, he was assassinated.
34
140214
3799
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฆื—.
02:24
Only after Augustus's victory over Marc Antony and Cleopatra in 31 B.C.
35
144013
6649
ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืืจืง ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ืงืœืื•ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ 31 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:30
did peace return to Rome
36
150662
2403
ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืจื•ืžื
02:33
and Augustus became the emperor.
37
153065
3148
ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื”ืคืš ืœืงื™ืกืจ.
02:36
Virgil aimed to capture this sense of a new era
38
156213
3247
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
02:39
and of the great sacrifices that the Romans had endured.
39
159460
3956
ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืกื‘ืœื•.
02:43
He wanted to give the Romans a fresh sense of their origins,
40
163416
3127
ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœืจื•ืžืื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:46
their past,
41
166543
930
ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
02:47
and their potential.
42
167473
2270
ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:49
By connecting the founding of Rome
43
169743
1891
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื
02:51
to the mythological stories that his audience knew so well,
44
171634
3718
ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:55
Virgil was able to link his hero Aeneas to the character of Augustus.
45
175352
6802
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืื ื™ืืก ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก.
03:02
In the epic poem, Aeneas is on a quest to establish a new home for his people.
46
182154
5830
ื‘ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืืคื™ืช, ืื™ื ืืก ื‘ืžืกืข ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื•.
03:07
This duty, or pietas as the Romans called it,
47
187984
3370
ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื• ืคื™ืื˜ืก ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”,
03:11
faces all kinds of obstacles.
48
191354
3541
ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื.
03:14
Aeneas risks destruction in the ruins of Troy,
49
194895
3479
ืื™ื ืืก ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืก ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ื”,
03:18
agonizes over love when he meets the beautiful Queen of Carthage, Dido,
50
198374
6181
ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื˜ื’ื•, ื“ื™ื“ื•,
03:24
and in one of the most vivid passages in all of ancient literature,
51
204555
3540
ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
03:28
has to pass through the underworld.
52
208095
3370
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
03:31
On top of all that, he must then fight to win a homeland for his people
53
211465
4620
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืื ืฉื™ื•
03:36
around the future sight of Rome.
54
216085
3040
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื.
03:39
Virgil presents Aeneas as a sort of model for Augustus,
55
219125
3811
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืื ื™ืืก ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก,
03:42
and that's probably one of the reasons the emperor was so eager
56
222936
3069
ื•ื–ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื˜
03:46
to save the poem from destruction.
57
226005
2871
ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ื”.
03:48
But Virgil didn't stop there.
58
228876
2711
ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืœื ืขืฆืจ ืคื”.
03:51
In some sections, Aeneas even has visions of Rome's future and of Augustus himself.
59
231587
6630
ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืœืื ื™ืืก ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื•ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•.
03:58
Virgil presents Augustus as a victor, entering Rome in triumph
60
238217
4060
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื›ืžื ืฆื—, ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืจื•ืžื ื›ืžื ืฆื—
04:02
and shows him expanding the Roman Empire.
61
242277
3519
ื•ืžืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช.
04:05
Perhaps most importantly, he's hailed as only the third Roman leader in 700 years
62
245796
5740
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ 700 ืฉื ื”
04:11
to shut the doors of the Temple of Janus signifying the arrival of permanent peace.
63
251536
7520
ืฉืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื’'ืื ื•ืก ืžื” ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข.
04:19
But there's a twist.
64
259056
1743
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜.
04:20
Virgil only read Augustus three selected extracts of the story
65
260799
4728
ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืจืง ืงืจื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก
04:25
and that was Augustus's entire exposure to it.
66
265527
3853
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ืืœื™ื•.
04:29
Some of the other sections could be seen as critical,
67
269380
2518
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
04:31
if not subtly subversive about the emperor's achievements.
68
271898
5549
ืื ืœื ื—ืชืจื ื™ื ืงืžืขื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ.
04:37
Aeneas, again a model for Augustus, struggles with his duty
69
277447
4541
ืื ื™ืืก, ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก, ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื•
04:41
and often seems a reluctant hero.
70
281988
3331
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืจืื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื’.
04:45
He doesn't always live up to the behavior expected of a good Roman leader.
71
285319
4010
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืจื•ืžืื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:49
He struggles to balance mercy and justice.
72
289329
3306
ื”ื•ื ื ืื‘ืง ืœืื–ืŸ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืฆื“ืง.
04:52
By the end, the reader is left wondering about the future of Rome
73
292635
4503
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืงื•ืจื ื ืฉืืจ ืชื•ื”ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื
04:57
and the new government of Augustus.
74
297138
2902
ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก.
05:00
Perhaps in wanting the story published,
75
300040
2119
ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืคื•ืจืกื,
05:02
Augustus had been fooled by his own desire for self-promotion.
76
302159
4939
ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืขืฆืžื™.
05:07
As a result, Virgil's story has survived to ask questions
77
307098
3961
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืœ ืฉืจื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช
05:11
about the nature of power and authority ever since.
78
311059
3971
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืื–.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7