Infinity according to Jorge Luis Borges - Ilan Stavans

432,640 views ใƒป 2019-07-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Alsa Saal ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
When Ireneo Funes looked at a glass of wine on a table,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจื ืื• ืคื•ื ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
00:11
he saw โ€œall the shoots, clusters, and grapes of the vine.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ "ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืœื–ืœ, ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ืขื ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคืŸ.
00:15
He remembered the shapes of the clouds in the south
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื
00:18
at the dawn of the 30th of April of 1882,
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ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”- 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1882,
00:22
and he could compare them in his recollection with the marbled grain
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ืขื ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ืฉื™ื
00:26
in the design of a leather-bound book which he had seen only once,
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช,
00:31
and with the lines in the spray which an oar raised
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ื•ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ื ื‘ื ืชื– ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืžืฉื•ื˜
00:34
in the Rio Negro on the eve of the battle of the Quebrancho.โ€
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ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื’ืจื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจืฆ'ื•".
00:39
In the short story โ€œFunes, the Memorious,โ€
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ "ืคื•ื ืก ื”ื–ื›ืจืŸ",
00:42
Jorge Luis Borges explores what it would be like to have a perfect memory.
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ื—ื•ืจื—ื” ืœื•ืื™ืก ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
00:48
His character not only remembers everything he has ever seen,
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื ืจืง ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื”,
00:52
but every time he has seen it in perfect detail.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจืื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
00:56
These details are so overwhelming
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ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื›ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
00:59
Funes has to spend his days in a dark room,
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ืขื“ ืฉืคื•ื ืก ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš,
01:02
and can only sleep by imagining a part of town he has never visited.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื“ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื•.
01:07
According to Borges,
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ืœืคื™ ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก,
01:09
Funesโ€™s memories even rendered him incapable of real thought,
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
01:13
because โ€œTo think is to forget a difference, to generalize, to abstract.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉ"ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœ, ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜.
01:19
In the overly replete world of Funes there were nothing but details.โ€
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ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื".
01:24
Funesโ€™ limitless memory was just one of Borgesโ€™s many explorations of infinity.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
01:31
Born in Argentina in 1899,
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘- 1899,
01:33
he admired the revolutionaries of his motherโ€™s family
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•
01:37
but took after his fatherโ€™s bookish clan.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืœืžื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•.
01:40
His body of essays, poems, and stories, or, as he called them, ficciones
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ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช
01:45
pioneered the literary style of โ€œlo real maravilloso,โ€
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ "Lo Real Maravilloso"
01:49
known in English as Magical Realismโ€”
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ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืงืกื•ื --
01:52
and each was just a few pages long.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:55
Though Borges was not interested in writing long books,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ืœื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
01:58
he was an avid reader,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ื•ื˜,
01:59
recruiting friends to read to him after he went blind in middle age.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”.
02:04
He said his image of paradise was an infinite library,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
02:07
an idea he brought to life in โ€œThe library of Babel.โ€
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘"ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ".
02:12
Built out of countless identical rooms,
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
02:15
each containing the same number of books of the same length,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจืš,
02:19
the library of babel is its own universe.
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:22
It contains every possible variation of text,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜,
02:26
so there are some profound books,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื,
02:28
but also countless tomes of complete gibberish.
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ืืš ื’ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
02:32
The narrator has spent his entire life
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ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•
02:36
wandering this vast labyrinth of information
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
02:39
in a possibly futile search for meaning.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืงืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
02:42
Labyrinths appeared over and over in Borgesโ€™ work.
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ืžื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก.
02:46
In โ€œThe Garden of Forking Paths,โ€
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ื‘"ื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื",
02:48
as Yu Tsun winds his way through country roads,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื• ืฆื•ืŸ ืžืคืœืก ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ,
02:52
he remembers a lost labyrinth built by one of his ancestors.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
02:57
Over the course of the story,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
02:58
he finds out the labyrinth is not a physical maze but a novel.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืš ืคื™ื–ื™ ืืœื ืจื•ืžืŸ.
03:02
And this novel reveals that the real Garden of Forking Paths is time:
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืฉื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ:
03:08
in every instant, there are infinite possible courses of action.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:13
And as one moment follows another,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ืจ,
03:15
each possibility begets another set of divergent futures.
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ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื.
03:21
Borges laid out infinite expanses of time in his labyrinths,
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ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:25
but he also explored the idea of condensing all of time
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
03:29
into a single moment.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“.
03:31
In โ€œThe Godโ€™s Script,โ€
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ื‘"ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืœ",
03:32
at the very beginning of the world
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:35
the god writes exactly one message
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืจ ืื—ื“
03:38
into the spots of the jaguars,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื’ื•ืืจื™ื,
03:40
who then โ€œlove and reproduce without end,
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ืฉืื– "ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ,
03:43
in caverns, in cane fields, on islands,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื, ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื,
03:47
in order that the last men might receive it.โ€
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ืฉืžื ืฉืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื•".
03:51
The last man turns out to be a tenacious old priest
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื›ื•ืžืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืขืงืฉืŸ
03:55
who spends years memorizing and deciphering the jaguarโ€™s spots,
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ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคืขื ื•ื— ื›ืชืžื™ ื”ื™ื’ื•ืืจื™ื,
04:00
culminating in an epiphany where he finally understands the godโ€™s message.
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ืžืชืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ.
04:06
Imprisoned deep underground,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข,
04:08
he has no one to share this meaning with,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื™ืฉ ืฉืขืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
04:11
and it changes nothing about his circumstances,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:14
but he doesnโ€™t mind:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื•:
04:15
in that one moment,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
04:17
he has experienced all the experience of everyone who has ever existed.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•.
04:23
Reading Borges, you might catch a glimpse of infinity too.
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ืื ืชืงืจืื• ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืคืกื• ื’ื ืืชื ืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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