The physics of the "hardest move" in ballet - Arleen Sugano

2,545,464 views ใƒป 2016-03-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:06
In the third act of "Swan Lake,"
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืื’ื ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ื",
00:09
the Black Swan pulls off a seemingly endless series of turns,
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ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืกื“ืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
00:14
bobbing up and down on one pointed foot
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ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช
00:16
and spinning around, and around, and around 32 times.
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ื•ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘, 32 ืคืขืžื™ื.
00:22
It's one of the toughest sequences in ballet,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื˜,
00:25
and for those thirty seconds or so,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:27
she's like a human top in perpetual motion.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
00:31
Those spectacular turns are called fouettรฉs,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื•ืื˜ื•ืช,
00:34
which means "whipped" in French,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขืŸ "ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
00:36
describing the dancer's incredible ability to whip around without stopping.
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ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ (=ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘) ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
00:40
But while we're marveling at the fouettรฉ, can we unravel its physics?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ืื˜ื”, ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”?
00:44
The dancer starts the fouettรฉ by pushing off with her foot to generate torque.
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ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืขื ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื›ื•ื—.
00:48
But the hard part is maintaining the rotation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
00:52
As she turns,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช,
00:53
friction between her pointe shoe and the floor,
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ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื” ืœืจืฆืคื”,
00:55
and somewhat between her body and the air,
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ืœืื•ื™ืจ,
00:58
reduces her momentum.
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ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืข.
01:00
So how does she keep turning?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘?
01:02
Between each turn, the dancer pauses for a split second and faces the audience.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ.
01:07
Her supporting foot flattens,
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ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉืชื˜ื—ืช,
01:08
and then twists as it rises back onto pointe,
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ื•ืžืชืขืงืœืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜,
01:12
pushing against the floor to generate a tiny amount of new torque.
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ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:16
At the same time, her arms sweep open to help her keep her balance.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
01:21
The turns are most effective if her center of gravity stays constant,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
01:25
and a skilled dancer will be able to keep her turning axis vertical.
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ื•ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื ื›ื™.
01:30
The extended arms and torque-generating foot
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื›ื•ื—
01:33
both help drive the fouettรฉ.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื”.
01:35
But the real secret and the reason you hardly notice the pause
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจื”,
01:38
is that her other leg never stops moving.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื ื•ืข.
01:41
During her momentary pause,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืจื’ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”,
01:43
the dancer's elevated leg straightens and moves from the front to the side,
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจืช ื•ื ืขื” ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืฆื“,
01:48
before it folds back into her knee.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืกืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš.
01:50
By staying in motion, that leg is storing some of the momentum of the turn.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืจื’ืœ ื–ื• ืื•ื’ืจืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
01:56
When the leg comes back in towards the body,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืกืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:58
that stored momentum gets transferred back to the dancer's body,
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ื”ืชื ืข ื”ืื’ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช,
02:02
propelling her around as she rises back onto pointe.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜.
02:06
As the ballerina extends and retracts her leg with each turn,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
02:09
momentum travels back and forth between leg and body,
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ืชื ืข ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
02:14
keeping her in motion.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:16
A really good ballerina can get more than one turn out of every leg extension
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ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืจื›ืช ืจื’ืœ
02:20
in one of two ways.
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ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
02:22
First, she can extend her leg sooner.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:24
The longer the leg is extended, the more momentum it stores,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืืจื›ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื ืข ื ืื’ืจ,
02:28
and the more momentum it can return to the body when it's pulled back in.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื ืข ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:32
More angular momentum means she can make more turns
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื ืข ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:35
before needing to replenish what was lost to friction.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
02:38
The other option is for the dancer
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ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช
02:40
to bring her arms or leg in closer to her body
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ืชื›ื ืก ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ืจื’ืœื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ืคื”
02:44
once she returns to pointe.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜.
02:45
Why does this work?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
02:47
Like every other turn in ballet,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื˜,
02:48
the fouettรฉ is governed by angular momentum,
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ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ืข ื–ื•ื™ืชื™,
02:51
which is equal to the dancer's angular velocity times her rotational inertia.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžื›ืคืœืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืชืžื“ ืฉืœื”.
02:56
And except for what's lost to friction,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื” ืฉืื•ื‘ื“ ืœื—ื™ื›ื•ืš,
02:58
that angular momentum has to stay constant while the dancer is on pointe.
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ื”ืชื ืข ื”ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜.
03:03
That's called conservation of angular momentum.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืชื ืข ื–ื•ื™ืชื™.
03:06
Now, rotational inertia can be thought of
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืชืžื“
03:09
as a body's resistance to rotational motion.
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ื›ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
03:12
It increases when more mass is distributed further from the axis of rotation,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
03:17
and decreases when the mass is distributed closer to the axis of rotation.
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ื•ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
03:22
So as she brings her arms closer to her body,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื™ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”,
03:25
her rotational inertia shrinks.
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ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืชืžื“ ืฉืœื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:28
In order to conserve angular momentum,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืชื ืข ื–ื•ื™ืชื™,
03:29
her angular velocity, the speed of her turn,
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช,
03:32
has to increase,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:33
allowing the same amount of stored momentum
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืชื ืข ืื’ื•ืจ
03:36
to carry her through multiple turns.
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ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:39
You've probably seen ice skaters do the same thing,
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ ืงืจื— ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:42
spinning faster and faster by drawing in their arms and legs.
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ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
03:46
In Tchaikovsky's ballet, the Black Swan is a sorceress,
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ื‘ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืกืžืช,
03:49
and her 32 captivating fouettรฉs do seem almost supernatural.
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ื•-32 ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื—ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
03:55
But it's not magic that makes them possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืกื ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืืคืฉืจื™.
03:57
It's physics.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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