The physics of the "hardest move" in ballet - Arleen Sugano

2,523,788 views ・ 2016-03-22

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Park Jisoo κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:06
In the third act of "Swan Lake,"
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"백쑰의 호수" 제 3λ§‰μ—μ„œ
00:09
the Black Swan pulls off a seemingly endless series of turns,
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검은 λ°±μ‘°κ°€ 발 끝으둜 μ„œμ„œ μœ„ μ•„λž˜λ‘œ 살짝 움직이며
λŠμž„μ—†λŠ” νšŒμ „μ„ λ©‹μ§€κ²Œ ν•΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
bobbing up and down on one pointed foot
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00:16
and spinning around, and around, and around 32 times.
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돌고, 돌고, 또 λŒμ•„ 32λ²ˆμ„ νšŒμ „ν•˜μ£ .
00:22
It's one of the toughest sequences in ballet,
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μ΄λŠ” λ°œλ ˆμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ™μž‘ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ,
00:25
and for those thirty seconds or so,
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νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ” 30초 λ™μ•ˆμ€
00:27
she's like a human top in perpetual motion.
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λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜λŠ” 마치 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λ„λŠ” '인간 팽이' κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Those spectacular turns are called fouettΓ©s,
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이 ν™”λ €ν•œ λ™μž‘μ€ '푸에떼'라고 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
00:34
which means "whipped" in French,
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ‘œ 'κ±°ν’ˆμ„ λ‚Έλ‹€'λŠ” 뜻으둜,
00:36
describing the dancer's incredible ability to whip around without stopping.
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λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜λ“€μ˜ λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•Šκ³  돌 수 μžˆλŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ λŠ₯λ ₯을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
But while we're marveling at the fouettΓ©, can we unravel its physics?
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ν‘Έμ—λ–Όμ²˜λŸΌ λ†€λΌμš΄ λ™μž‘μ—μ„œ μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ 물리 법칙을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:44
The dancer starts the fouettΓ© by pushing off with her foot to generate torque.
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λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜λŠ” νšŒμ „λ ₯을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 발 끝으둜 땅을 λ°€λ©° νšŒμ „μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
But the hard part is maintaining the rotation.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 뢀뢄은 νšŒμ „μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
00:52
As she turns,
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νšŒμ „ν•  λ•Œ,
00:53
friction between her pointe shoe and the floor,
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μ‹ λ°œ 끝과 λ°”λ‹₯ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 마찰,
00:55
and somewhat between her body and the air,
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그리고 λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜μ˜ λͺΈκ³Ό 곡기의 λ§ˆμ°°μ€
00:58
reduces her momentum.
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νšŒμ „ μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ„ κ°μ†Œμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
So how does she keep turning?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νšŒμ „μ„ μœ μ§€ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:02
Between each turn, the dancer pauses for a split second and faces the audience.
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맀번 돌 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€, λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 잠깐 멈좰 관객과 λ§ˆμ£Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
Her supporting foot flattens,
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μ§€μ§€ν•˜λ˜ λ°œμ„ λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ 펴고,
01:08
and then twists as it rises back onto pointe,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ, λ‹€μ‹œ 발 끝으둜 μΌμ–΄μ„œλ©° νšŒμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
pushing against the floor to generate a tiny amount of new torque.
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적은 νšŒμ „λ ₯을 μƒˆλ‘œ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ°”λ‹₯을 λ―ΈλŠ” λ™μž‘μ„ μ·¨ν•˜μ£ .
01:16
At the same time, her arms sweep open to help her keep her balance.
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이와 λ™μ‹œμ—, κ· ν˜•μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ–‘νŒ”μ„ λ“€μ–΄ μ˜†μœΌλ‘œ νŽΌμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
The turns are most effective if her center of gravity stays constant,
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νšŒμ „μ€ 무게 쀑심이 μΌμ •ν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€λ  λ•Œ κ°€μž₯ 효율적이고,
01:25
and a skilled dancer will be able to keep her turning axis vertical.
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μˆ™λ ¨λœ λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜λŠ” νšŒμ „μΆ•μ„ 수직으둜 μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
The extended arms and torque-generating foot
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펼친 νŒ”κ³Ό νšŒμ „λ ₯을 μ–»λŠ” 발.
01:33
both help drive the fouettΓ©.
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이듀 두 μš”μ†Œκ°€ 푸에떼 λ™μž‘μ— 도움을 μ£Όμ£ .
01:35
But the real secret and the reason you hardly notice the pause
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 잠깐 λ©ˆμΆ”λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ— 관객이 μ•Œμ•„μ±„μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μ§„μ§œ 비밀은
01:38
is that her other leg never stops moving.
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λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μͺ½ 닀리λ₯Ό 계속 μ›€μ§μΈλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
During her momentary pause,
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νšŒμ „μ΄ μž μ‹œ 멈좜 λ•Œ
01:43
the dancer's elevated leg straightens and moves from the front to the side,
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λ“€κ³  있던 닀리λ₯Ό νŽ΄λ©΄μ„œ, μ•žμ—μ„œ μ˜†μœΌλ‘œ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
before it folds back into her knee.
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그리고 λ‹€μ‹œ λ¬΄λ¦Žμ„ ꡽히죠.
01:50
By staying in motion, that leg is storing some of the momentum of the turn.
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이런 λ™μž‘μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ, 닀리에 νšŒμ „ μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ΄ μ €μž₯λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
When the leg comes back in towards the body,
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λͺΈμ„ ν–₯ν•΄ 닀리λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ ꡽힐 λ•Œ
01:58
that stored momentum gets transferred back to the dancer's body,
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μ €μž₯된 μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ΄ λͺΈν†΅μœΌλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜κ³ ,
02:02
propelling her around as she rises back onto pointe.
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발 끝으둜 μ„œλ©΄ νšŒμ „ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
As the ballerina extends and retracts her leg with each turn,
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λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜κ°€ νšŒμ „ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 맀번 닀리λ₯Ό μ ‘κ³  펼 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:09
momentum travels back and forth between leg and body,
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μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ΄ 닀리와 λͺΈν†΅ 사이λ₯Ό μ΄λ™ν•˜μ—¬
02:14
keeping her in motion.
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νšŒμ „μ„ 계속할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
A really good ballerina can get more than one turn out of every leg extension
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λŠ₯μˆ™ν•œ λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜λŠ” λ‹€μŒμ˜ 두 방법 쀑 ν•œ λ™μž‘μœΌλ‘œ 닀리λ₯Ό 뻗을 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:20
in one of two ways.
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ν•œ 바퀴 이상을 돌 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
First, she can extend her leg sooner.
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, 닀리λ₯Ό 더 빨리 λ»—λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
The longer the leg is extended, the more momentum it stores,
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닀리λ₯Ό 였래 λ»—κ³  μžˆμ„μˆ˜λ‘ 더 λ§Žμ€ νšŒμ „λ ₯을 μ–»κ²Œ 되고,
02:28
and the more momentum it can return to the body when it's pulled back in.
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닀리λ₯Ό ꡽힐 λ•Œ λͺΈμœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜€λŠ” νšŒμ „λ ₯ λ˜ν•œ λ§Žμ•„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
More angular momentum means she can make more turns
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더 큰 κ°μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ„ μ–»κ²Œ 되면 마찰λ ₯ 손싀을 μ±„μš°λŠ” 것 μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ
02:35
before needing to replenish what was lost to friction.
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더 λ§Žμ€ νšŒμ „μ„ ν•  수 있게 되죠.
02:38
The other option is for the dancer
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법은
02:40
to bring her arms or leg in closer to her body
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발 끝으둜 μ„œλŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—λŠ”
νŒ”κ³Ό 닀리λ₯Ό λͺΈμ— 더 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ λ°€μ°©μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
once she returns to pointe.
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02:45
Why does this work?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
02:47
Like every other turn in ballet,
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발레의 λ‹€λ₯Έ νšŒμ „ λ™μž‘κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ
02:48
the fouettΓ© is governed by angular momentum,
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ν‘Έμ—λ–ΌλŠ” κ°μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λ˜λŠ”λ° ,
02:51
which is equal to the dancer's angular velocity times her rotational inertia.
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μ΄λŠ” λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜μ˜ 각속도와 νšŒμ „ 관성을 κ³±ν•œ 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
And except for what's lost to friction,
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마찰둜 μ†μ‹€λ˜λŠ” μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ„ μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ 
02:58
that angular momentum has to stay constant while the dancer is on pointe.
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κ°μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ€ λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜κ°€ 발 끝으둜 μ„œ μžˆλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ μΌμ •ν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
03:03
That's called conservation of angular momentum.
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이것을 'κ°μš΄λ™λŸ‰ 보쑴 법칙'이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
Now, rotational inertia can be thought of
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νšŒμ „κ΄€μ„±μ€ νšŒμ „ μš΄λ™μ— λŒ€ν•­ν•˜λŠ”
03:09
as a body's resistance to rotational motion.
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λͺΈμ˜ 저항이라고 생각할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
It increases when more mass is distributed further from the axis of rotation,
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이 값은 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ νšŒμ „μΆ•μ—μ„œ 멀리 λΆ„ν¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„μˆ˜λ‘ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³ ,
03:17
and decreases when the mass is distributed closer to the axis of rotation.
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μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ νšŒμ „μΆ•μ— κ°€κΉŒμšΈμˆ˜λ‘ μž‘μ•„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
So as she brings her arms closer to her body,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜κ°€ νŒ”μ„ λͺΈμ— κ°€κΉŒμ΄ ν• μˆ˜λ‘,
03:25
her rotational inertia shrinks.
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νšŒμ „κ΄€μ„±μ€ μž‘μ•„μ§€κ²Œ 되죠.
03:28
In order to conserve angular momentum,
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그러면 κ°μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ„ λ³΄μ‘΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ,
03:29
her angular velocity, the speed of her turn,
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각속도 즉, λ°œλ ˆλ¦¬λ‚˜μ˜ νšŒμ „ μ†λ„λŠ”
03:32
has to increase,
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μ¦κ°€λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ,
03:33
allowing the same amount of stored momentum
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μ €μž₯된 μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ΄ 동일할 λ•Œ,
03:36
to carry her through multiple turns.
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더 많이 νšŒμ „ν•  수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
You've probably seen ice skaters do the same thing,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 빙상 μ„ μˆ˜κ°€ νŒ”κ³Ό 닀리λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ•„
03:42
spinning faster and faster by drawing in their arms and legs.
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Έ 적 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
In Tchaikovsky's ballet, the Black Swan is a sorceress,
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차이μ½₯μŠ€ν‚€μ˜ λ°œλ ˆκ³‘μ—μ„œ 검은 λ°±μ‘°λŠ” μ—¬μž λ§ˆλ²•μ‚¬μ΄κ³ ,
03:49
and her 32 captivating fouettΓ©s do seem almost supernatural.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 맀혹적인 32 νšŒμ „ ν‘Έμ—λ–ΌλŠ” 마치 μ΄ˆμžμ—°μ μΈ λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ 보일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
But it's not magic that makes them possible.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λ§ˆλ²•μ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
It's physics.
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그것은 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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