Did the Amazons really exist? - Adrienne Mayor

2,983,054 views ใƒป 2018-06-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Since the time of Homer,
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ืžืื– ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก,
00:09
ancient stories told of fierce warriors dwelling beyond the Mediterranean world,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืฉื›ื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™,
00:14
striking fear into the mightiest empires of antiquity.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืžื•ืจื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืง.
00:18
Their exploits were recounted by many epic poets.
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ื”ืžืขืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืืคื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
00:22
They fought in the legendary Trojan War and their grand army invaded Athens.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืคืœืฉ ืœืืชื•ื ื”.
00:27
Jason and the Argonauts passed by their shores,
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ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ื”ืŸ,
00:30
barely avoiding their deadly arrows.
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื—ืžืงื• ืžื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:32
These formidable fighters faced off against the greatest champions of myth:
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ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขืžื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื:
00:37
Heracles,
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ื”ืจืงื•ืœืก,
00:38
Theseus,
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ืชื–ืื•ืก,
00:39
and Achilles.
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ื•ืื›ื™ืœืก.
00:41
And every single one of these warriors was a woman.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื”.
00:45
The war-loving Amazons, "the equals of men" in courage and skill,
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ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, "ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ,
00:51
were familiar to everyone in ancient Greece.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:54
Amazon battle scenes decorated the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis;
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ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”:
00:58
paintings and statues of Amazons adorned temples and public spaces.
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ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ื˜ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
01:03
Little girls played with Amazon dolls,
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ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืขื ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:05
and Amazons were a favorite subject on Greek vase paintings.
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ื•ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ื.
01:10
In Greek art and literature,
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ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช,
01:12
they were depicted as daring and desirable,
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ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืืจื• ื›ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉืงื•ืช,
01:15
but also terrifying and deadly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืžื” ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช,
01:16
and doomed to die at the hands of Greek heroes.
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ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
01:21
Were Amazons merely figures of myth, or something more?
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ื”ืื ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
01:24
It was long assumed that they were imaginary,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:27
like the cyclops and centaurs.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื™ืงืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืงื ื˜ืื•ืจื™ื.
01:29
But curiously enough, stories from ancient Egypt,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
01:33
Persia,
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ืคืจืก,
01:34
the Middle East,
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ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:35
Central Asia,
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ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”,
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India,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•,
01:37
and China
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ
01:38
also featured Amazon-like warrior women.
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ืžืชืืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:41
And Amazons were described in ancient historical accounts, not just myths.
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ื•ืืžื–ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื•ืืจื• ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื.
01:46
Writers like Herodotus, Plato, and Strabo never doubted their existence.
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก, ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื˜ืจืื‘ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืงืคืงื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ.
01:52
So who were the real women warriors known as Amazons?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช?
01:56
Ancient historians located the Amazon homeland in Scythia,
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืื™ืชืจื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืงื™ืชื™ื”,
02:00
the vast territory stretching from
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื”
02:02
the Black Sea across the steppes of Central Asia.
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ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”.
02:05
This immense region was populated by nomadic tribes
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื
02:08
whose lives centered on horses,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ืกื™ื,
02:10
archery,
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ืงืฉืชื•ืช,
02:11
and warfare.
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”.
02:13
Their culture flourished for about 1,000 years beginning around 800 BC.
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื› 1000 ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž 800 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืขืจืš.
02:18
Feared by Greeks, Persians, and the Chinese, the Scythians left
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืคื—ื“ื• ืžื”ื, ื”ืกืงื™ืชื™ืื ื™ื
02:22
no written records. But we can find clues in how
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ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืš
02:26
their neighbors described them, as well as in archaeology.
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ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืชืืจื• ืื•ืชื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:30
Scythians' ancestors were the first to ride horses
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ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื™ืชื™ืื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื
02:33
and they invented the recurve bow.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ.
02:36
And, because a female mounted archer could be as fast and as deadly as a male,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืฉื” ืงืฉืชื™ืช ืจื›ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ืจ,
02:41
all children were trained to ride and shoot.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื• ืœืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืช.
02:44
Women hunted and fought alongside men, using the same weapons.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื“ื• ื•ื ืœื—ืžื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง.
02:49
The harsh landscape and their nomadic lifestyle
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
02:52
created its own form of equality.
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ื™ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:55
This amazed the ancient Greeks, whose women led restricted indoor lives.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
03:00
The earliest stories of the Scythians, and Amazons,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงื™ืชื™ืื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:03
may have been exaggerated rumors.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช.
03:06
But as the Greeks began to trade around the Black Sea and further east,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื”,
03:10
their portrayals became more realistic.
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื™ื.
03:13
Early depictions of Amazons showed them with Greek weapons and armor.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ื ืฉืงื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:17
But in later representations,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:19
they wielded bows and battle-axes,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืื• ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”,
03:22
rode horses,
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ืจื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื,
03:23
and wore pointed caps and patterned trousers
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ื•ืœื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
03:26
characteristic of steppe nomads.
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ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขืจื‘ื”.
03:29
Until recently, no one was sure how strong the links were
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•
03:32
between Scythians and the Amazons of Greek myth.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืงื™ืชื™ืื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
03:36
But recent archaeological discoveries have provided ample evidence.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืกื™ืคืงื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช.
03:40
More than 1,000 ancient Scythian kurgans, or burial mounds, have been excavated,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1000 ืงืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ืกืงื™ืชื™ืื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืื• ืชืœื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื ื—ืคืจื•,
03:46
containing skeletons and weapons.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง.
03:48
Archaeologists had previously assumed
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ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
03:51
that weapons could only belong to male warriors.
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ืฉื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื.
03:54
But modern DNA analysis so far
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— DNA ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
03:56
has revealed that about 300 skeletons buried with weapons
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขืจืš 300 ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืจื• ืขื ื ืฉืงื™ื
03:59
belong to females ranging in age from 10 to 45,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืž 10 ืขื“ 45,
04:04
and more are being found every year.
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ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
04:07
The women's skeletons show battle injuries:
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ืฉืœื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงืจื‘:
04:09
ribs slashed by swords,
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ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช,
04:11
skulls bashed by battle-axes,
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ื’ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื ื•ืชืฆื•ืช ืขืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ืงืจื‘,
04:14
and arrows embedded in bones.
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ื•ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
04:17
In classical art and writings,
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ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงืœืกื™ื™ื,
04:19
the fearsome Amazons were always portrayed as brave and heroic.
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ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื” ืชื•ืืจื• ื›ืืžื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืื™ื•ืช,
04:24
In male-dominated classical Greece, however,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
04:27
the very idea of strong women who gloried in freedom and war aroused mixed feelings.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ ื’ืจื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:34
And yet, the Greeks were also drawn to egalitarian ideals.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื’ื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืื’ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
04:38
Is it possible that the mythic realm of thrilling Amazon tales
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช
04:42
was a way to imagine women and men as equal companions?
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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