What are gravitational waves? - Amber L. Stuver

942,620 views ใƒป 2017-09-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
At about six o'clock in the morning on September 14, 2015,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ 14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, 2015,
00:11
scientists witnessed something no human had ever seen:
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ:
00:15
two black holes colliding.
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ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
00:18
Both about 30 times as massive as our Sun,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 30 ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:21
they had been orbiting each other for millions of years.
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ื”ื ื—ื’ื• ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:25
As they got closer together,
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ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:26
they circled each other faster and faster.
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ื”ื ื—ื’ื• ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
00:29
Finally, they collided and merged into a single, even bigger, black hole.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื• ื•ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:35
A fraction of a second before their crash,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช,
00:37
they sent a vibration across the universe at the speed of light.
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ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:41
And on Earth, billions of years later,
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:44
a detector called the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory,
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ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
00:48
or LIGO for short,
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ืœ.ื™.ื’.ื•,
00:51
picked it up.
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ืงืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
00:52
The signal only lasted a fifth of a second
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ื”ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
00:55
and was the detector's first observation of gravitational waves.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
00:59
What are these ripples in space?
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ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
01:01
The answer starts with gravity,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
01:03
the force that pulls any two objects together.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
01:06
That's the case for everything In the observable universe.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื”.
01:09
You're pulling on the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, and every single star,
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ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ,
01:14
and they're pulling on you.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื.
01:16
The more mass something has, the stronger its gravitational pull.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™, ื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:20
The farther away the object, the lower its pull.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:24
If every mass has an effect on every other mass in the universe,
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ืื ืœื›ืœ ืžืกื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
01:27
no matter how small,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”,
01:29
then changes in gravity can tell us about what those objects are doing.
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ืื– ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืช ืืœื•.
01:33
Fluctuations in the gravity coming from the universe
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ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:36
are called gravitational waves.
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:38
Gravitational waves move out from what caused them,
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ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ืขื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื,
01:41
like ripples on a pond,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื’ื,
01:43
getting smaller as they travel farther from their center.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืชื ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–.
01:46
But what are they ripples on?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื ื ืขื™ื?
01:48
When Einstein devised his Theory of Relativity,
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ื›ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช,
01:51
he imagined gravity as a curve in a surface called space-time.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
01:55
A mass in space creates a depression in space-time,
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ืžืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืงืข ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
01:59
and a ball rolling across a depression will curve
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืงืข ื™ืชืขืงืœ
02:03
like it's being attracted to the other mass.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืœืžืกื” ื”ืื—ืจืช.
02:06
The bigger the mass,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืกื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:07
the deeper the depression and the stronger the gravity.
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ื”ืฉืงืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:10
When the mass making the depression moves, that sends out ripples in space-time.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืกื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืข ื–ื–ื”, ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
02:15
These are gravitationl waves.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
02:17
What would a gravitational wave feel like?
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ืื™ืš ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™?
02:20
If our bodies were sensitive enough to detect them,
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ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื,
02:23
we'd feel like we were being stretched sideways
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ืช
02:26
while being compressed vertically.
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ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืื ื›ื™ืช.
02:28
And in the next instant,
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
02:29
stretched up and down while being compressed horizontally,
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ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ืช,
02:33
sideways,
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ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
02:34
then up and down.
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ื•ืื– ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:35
This back and forth would happen over and over
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ืคืงื™ ืœืื ื›ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
02:38
as the gravitational wave passed right through you.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื›ื.
02:41
But this happens on such a minute scale that we can't feel any of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื.
02:45
So we've built detectors that can feel it for us.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื’ืœืื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
02:48
That's what the LIGO detectors do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืœืื™ื™ ืœ.ื™.ื’.ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
02:51
And they're not the only ones.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:53
There are gravitational wave detectors spread across the world.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:56
These L-shaped instruments have long arms,
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ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืช ืจ ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,
02:59
whose exact length is measured with lasers.
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ืฉื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ืžื“ื“ ืขืดื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
03:03
If the length changes, it could be because gravitational waves are stretching
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ืื ืื•ืจื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื
03:07
and compressing the arms.
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ื•ื“ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช.
03:09
Once the detectors feel a gravitational wave,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ืœืื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
03:13
scientists can extract information about the wave's source.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœ.
03:17
In a way, detectors like LIGO are big gravitational wave radios.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื’ืœืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœ.ื™.ื’.ื• ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื“ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
03:23
Radio waves are traveling all around you, but you can't feel them
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ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื
03:26
or hear the music they carry.
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ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
03:28
It takes the right kind of detector to extract the music.
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:32
LIGO detects a gravitational wave signal,
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ืœ.ื™.ื’.ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืช ื’ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
03:34
which scientists then study for data about the object that generated it.
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•.
03:39
They can derive information, like its mass and the shape of its orbit.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข, ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื•.
03:43
We can also hear gravitational waves by playing their signals through speakers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื,
03:48
just like the music a radio extracts from radio waves.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
03:51
So those two black holes colliding sounds like this.
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ืื– ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืš.
03:56
Scientists call this slide whistle-like noise a chirp,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื“ืžื™ื ืจืขืฉ ื–ื” ืœืฉืจื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉืจื•ืงื™ืช,
04:00
and it's the signature of any two objects orbiting into each other.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื—ื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
04:04
The black hole collision was just one example
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ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช
04:07
of what gravitational waves can tell us.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื•.
04:09
Other high-energy astronomical events will leave gravitational echoes, too.
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ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
04:14
The collapse of a star before it explodes in a supernova,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
04:17
or a very dense neutron stars colliding.
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ืื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:20
Every time we create a new tool to look at space,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:23
we discover something we didn't expect,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœื•,
04:26
something that might revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:30
LIGO's no different.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขื ืœ.ื™.ื’.ื•
04:32
In the short time it's been on,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ,
04:34
LIGO's already revealed surprises,
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ืœ.ื™.ื’.ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช,
04:37
like that black holes collide more often than we ever expected.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•.
04:41
It's impossible to say, but exciting to imagine,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
04:44
what revelations may now be propagating across space
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ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
04:47
towards our tiny blue planet and its new way of perceiving the universe.
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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