What are gravitational waves? - Amber L. Stuver

939,084 views ・ 2017-09-14

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Park JinWoo κ²€ν† : Hyena Ko
2015λ…„ 9μ›” 15일, λŒ€λž΅ μ˜€μ „ 6μ‹œκ²½
00:07
At about six o'clock in the morning on September 14, 2015,
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00:11
scientists witnessed something no human had ever seen:
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ 단 ν•œλ²ˆλ„ 보지 λͺ»ν•œ μ•Šμ€ ν˜„μƒμ„ λͺ©κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
two black holes colliding.
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λ°”λ‘œ 두 개의 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μΆ©λŒν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:18
Both about 30 times as massive as our Sun,
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두 λΈ”λž™ν™€ λͺ¨λ‘ νƒœμ–‘λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 30λ°°λŠ” μ»Έκ³ ,
00:21
they had been orbiting each other for millions of years.
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수백만 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ„œλ‘œ κ³΅μ „ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
As they got closer together,
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ κ°€κΉŒμ›Œ 질수둝
00:26
they circled each other faster and faster.
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λ”μš± 더 빨리 μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Finally, they collided and merged into a single, even bigger, black hole.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 두 개의 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μΆ©λŒν•˜μ—¬ ν•©μ³μ Έμ„œ 더 큰 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
A fraction of a second before their crash,
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좩돌이 있기 μˆ˜μ‹­λΆ„μ˜ 일초 μ „
00:37
they sent a vibration across the universe at the speed of light.
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λ°œμƒν•œ 진동이 λΉ›μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œ μš°μ£Όμ— 퍼져 λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
And on Earth, billions of years later,
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„ λ’€ 지ꡬ에선
00:44
a detector called the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory,
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쀑λ ₯파 κ²€μΆœμ†Œμ— μžˆλŠ” λ ˆμ΄μ € 간섭계
00:48
or LIGO for short,
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μ€„μ—¬μ„œ LIGO에 μ˜ν•΄ νƒμ§€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
picked it up.
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00:52
The signal only lasted a fifth of a second
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이 μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” κ³ μž‘ 0.2μ΄ˆλ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
00:55
and was the detector's first observation of gravitational waves.
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간선계λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 쀑λ ₯파의 첫 λ°œκ²¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
What are these ripples in space?
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μš°μ£Όμ— μžˆλŠ” 쀑λ ₯νŒŒλž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:01
The answer starts with gravity,
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정닡은 쀑λ ₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
the force that pulls any two objects together.
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쀑λ ₯μ΄λž€ λ‘κ°œμ˜ 물체가 μ„œλ‘œ μž‘μ•„λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” νž˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
That's the case for everything In the observable universe.
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μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
You're pulling on the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, and every single star,
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당신은 지ꡬ, 달, νƒœμ–‘ 그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³„λ“€κΉŒμ§€ λŒμ–΄ λ‹ΉκΈ°κ³  있죠.
01:14
and they're pulling on you.
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그리고 그런 ν–‰μ„±κ³Ό 별듀 λ˜ν•œ 당신을 λŒμ–΄ λ‹ΉκΈ°κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
The more mass something has, the stronger its gravitational pull.
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μ–΄λŠ 물체가 가진 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ λ§Žμ„μˆ˜λ‘, λŒμ–΄λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” 힘이 더 강해지죠.
01:20
The farther away the object, the lower its pull.
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그리고 κ·Έ 물체가 멀리 μžˆμ„μˆ˜λ‘ 인λ ₯은 μ•½ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
If every mass has an effect on every other mass in the universe,
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°μ£Όμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μž‘μ€κ°€μ— 상관 없이
01:27
no matter how small,
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
01:29
then changes in gravity can tell us about what those objects are doing.
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이 쀑λ ₯의 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κ·Έ 물체가 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 보여쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
Fluctuations in the gravity coming from the universe
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μš°μ£Όλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ˜€λŠ” 쀑λ ₯의 변동
01:36
are called gravitational waves.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ '쀑λ ₯파'μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
Gravitational waves move out from what caused them,
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쀑λ ₯νŒŒλŠ” ν˜Έμˆ˜μ— μƒκΈ°λŠ” 파문처럼
01:41
like ripples on a pond,
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그것을 λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚¨ κ³³μ—μ„œ 점점 λ©€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
getting smaller as they travel farther from their center.
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μ€‘μ‹¬μ—μ„œ λ©€μ–΄μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ μž‘μ•„μ§€λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 그듀이 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 이 νŒŒλ¬Έμ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:46
But what are they ripples on?
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01:48
When Einstein devised his Theory of Relativity,
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μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ μƒλŒ€μ„± 이둠을 μ°½μ•ˆν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ
01:51
he imagined gravity as a curve in a surface called space-time.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 쀑λ ₯이 μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ˜ 뒀틀림이라 μƒκ°ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
A mass in space creates a depression in space-time,
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ 곡간에 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ€ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ„ 함λͺ°μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
01:59
and a ball rolling across a depression will curve
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이 곡간을 κ΅΄λŸ¬κ°€λŠ” 곡은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ— μ΄λŒλ €κ°€λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 휘게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
like it's being attracted to the other mass.
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μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ 컀질 수둝 함λͺ°λœ 곡간이 λ”μš± κΉŠμ–΄μ§€κ³ ,
02:06
The bigger the mass,
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02:07
the deeper the depression and the stronger the gravity.
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쀑λ ₯이 더 컀질 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
When the mass making the depression moves, that sends out ripples in space-time.
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μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ„ 함λͺ°λ˜κ²Œν•œ 이 μ§ˆλŸ‰μ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ΄, μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ— νŒŒλ¬Έμ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
These are gravitationl waves.
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그리고 이것이 쀑λ ₯νŒŒκ°€ λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
02:17
What would a gravitational wave feel like?
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쀑λ ₯νŒŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŠκ»΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
02:20
If our bodies were sensitive enough to detect them,
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λ§Œμ•½ 우리 λͺΈμ΄ 쀑λ ₯파λ₯Ό 탐지할 수 μžˆμ„ μ •λ„λ‘œ λ―Όκ°ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
02:23
we'd feel like we were being stretched sideways
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–‘μ˜†μœΌλ‘œ λŠ˜μ–΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λŠκΌˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
while being compressed vertically.
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수직으둜 μ••μΆ•λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ 말이죠.
02:28
And in the next instant,
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그리고 λ‹€μŒμ˜ μˆœκ°„μ—μ„œλŠ”,
02:29
stretched up and down while being compressed horizontally,
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μˆ˜ν‰μœΌλ‘œ μ••μΆ•λ˜λ©° μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λŠ˜μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ 될 것이고,
02:33
sideways,
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μ–‘μ˜†,
02:34
then up and down.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μœ„μ•„λž˜λ‘œ λŠ˜μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
This back and forth would happen over and over
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이런 상황이 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ 일어날 것이고,
02:38
as the gravitational wave passed right through you.
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쀑λ ₯νŒŒκ°€ 당신을 관톡할 λ•Œ 말이죠.
02:41
But this happens on such a minute scale that we can't feel any of it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 λΆ„ λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ―€λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λŠ ν•˜λ‚˜ λŠλΌμ§€ λͺ»ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
So we've built detectors that can feel it for us.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리 λŒ€μ‹  λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆλŠ” 탐색기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ 된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
That's what the LIGO detectors do.
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이것이 LIGOκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
And they're not the only ones.
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그리고 이것이 끝이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
There are gravitational wave detectors spread across the world.
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쀑λ ₯파 νƒμ§€κΈ°λŠ” μ „ 세계에 걸쳐 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
These L-shaped instruments have long arms,
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이 Lλͺ¨μ–‘ 기계듀은 κΈ΄ νŒ”μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
02:59
whose exact length is measured with lasers.
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λ ˆμ΄μ €(laser)둜 μΈ‘μ •λœ 길이λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
If the length changes, it could be because gravitational waves are stretching
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λ§Œμ•½ 길이가 달라진닀면, 쀑λ ₯νŒŒκ°€ λŠ˜μ–΄μ§€κ³  있고
03:07
and compressing the arms.
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νŒ”μ„ μ••μΆ•μ‹œν‚€κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Once the detectors feel a gravitational wave,
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일단 탐지기가 쀑λ ₯파λ₯Ό νƒμ§€ν•˜λ©΄,
03:13
scientists can extract information about the wave's source.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ νŒŒλ™μ—μ„œ 정보λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
In a way, detectors like LIGO are big gravitational wave radios.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 보면, LIGO와 같은 νƒμ§€κΈ°λŠ” 큰 쀑λ ₯파 λΌλ””μ˜€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Radio waves are traveling all around you, but you can't feel them
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λΌλ””μ˜€νŒŒλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ κ³μ—μ„œ 돌고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, 당신은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό λŠλΌμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ£ .
03:26
or hear the music they carry.
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κ·Έμ € 그듀이 κ°€μ Έμ˜€λŠ” μŒμ•…μ„ 듀을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
It takes the right kind of detector to extract the music.
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μŒμ•…μ„ μΆ”μΆœν•΄λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 탐지기가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
LIGO detects a gravitational wave signal,
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LIGOλŠ” 쀑λ ₯파 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό νƒμ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
03:34
which scientists then study for data about the object that generated it.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 쀑λ ₯파λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  물체에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
They can derive information, like its mass and the shape of its orbit.
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그듀은 μ§ˆλŸ‰κ³Ό κΆ€λ„μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό 같은 정보λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 있죠.
03:43
We can also hear gravitational waves by playing their signals through speakers,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μŠ€ν”Όμ»€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 쀑λ ₯파λ₯Ό 듀을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
03:48
just like the music a radio extracts from radio waves.
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이것은 마치 λΌλ””μ˜€κ°€ μŒμ•…μ„ λΌλ””μ˜€νŒŒμ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
So those two black holes colliding sounds like this.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 두 λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μΆ©λŒν•  λ•Œ λ‚˜λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. (휘읡)
03:56
Scientists call this slide whistle-like noise a chirp,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ΄μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 'chirp' 라 λΆ€λ₯΄κ³ ,
04:00
and it's the signature of any two objects orbiting into each other.
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이 μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” 두 물체가 μ„œλ‘œ κ³΅μ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” μ‹ ν˜ΈλΌκ³  μ—¬κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
The black hole collision was just one example
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λΈ”λž™ν™€ μΆ©λŒμ€
쀑λ ₯νŒŒκ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ˜ˆμ‹œμ— λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
of what gravitational waves can tell us.
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04:09
Other high-energy astronomical events will leave gravitational echoes, too.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ²œλ¬Έν•™μ  ν˜„μƒλ„ 쀑λ ₯ 메아리λ₯Ό λ‚¨κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
The collapse of a star before it explodes in a supernova,
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쀑λ ₯ 메아리λ₯Ό 남기기 μ „μ˜ λ³„μ˜ λΆ•κ΄΄λŠ” μ΄ˆμ‹ μ„±μ˜ ν˜•νƒœ,
04:17
or a very dense neutron stars colliding.
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ν˜Ήμ€ κ³ λ°€λ„μ˜ μ€‘μ„±μž λΆ•κ΄΄μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
Every time we create a new tool to look at space,
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맀 μ‹œκ°„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우주λ₯Ό 보기 μœ„ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
04:23
we discover something we didn't expect,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
04:26
something that might revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
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그것은 우리의 μš°μ£Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό λŒ€λ³€ν˜μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¬λ§Œ ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
LIGO's no different.
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LIGO도 λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
In the short time it's been on,
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μ‹œμž‘ν•œμ§€ μ–Όλ§ˆ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ ,
04:34
LIGO's already revealed surprises,
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LIGOλŠ” 이미 λ†€λΌμš΄ 점듀을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆλŠ”λ°,
04:37
like that black holes collide more often than we ever expected.
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예둜, λΈ”λž™ν™€λ“€μ€ 우리의 μ˜ˆμƒλ³΄λ‹€ 더 많이 μΆ©λŒν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
It's impossible to say, but exciting to imagine,
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μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ 우리의 μž‘κ³  ν‘Έλ₯Έ 행성에 μ „λ‹¬λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„
04:44
what revelations may now be propagating across space
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μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°λž€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” 것 만으둜 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 있고
04:47
towards our tiny blue planet and its new way of perceiving the universe.
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그것은 우주λ₯Ό μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ”λ° μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 방법이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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