Why are human bodies asymmetrical? - Leo Q. Wan

1,171,336 views ใƒป 2016-01-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Symmetry is everywhere in nature,
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:09
and we usually associate it with beauty:
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ื•ืคื™:
00:12
a perfectly shaped leaf,
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ืขืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
00:13
or a butterfly with intricate patterns mirrored on each wing.
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ืื• ืคืจืคืจ ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื ืฃ.
00:17
But it turns out that asymmetry is pretty important, too,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
00:21
and more common than you might think,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:23
from crabs with one giant pincer claw
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ืžืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
00:25
to snail species whose shells' always coil in the same direction.
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืชืœืกืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:30
Some species of beans only climb up their trellises clockwise,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
00:34
others, only counterclockwise,
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ืื—ืจื™ื, ืจืง ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
00:37
and even though the human body looks pretty symmetrical on the outside,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
00:41
it's a different story on the inside.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:43
Most of your vital organs are arranged asymmetrically.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:47
The heart, stomach, spleen, and pancreas lie towards the left.
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ื”ืœื‘, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื˜ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ.
00:51
The gallbladder and most of your liver are on the right.
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ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื” ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
00:55
Even your lungs are different.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:57
The left one has two lobes, and the right one has three.
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ื‘ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
01:00
The two sides of your brain look similar, but function differently.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
01:05
Making sure this asymmetry is distributed the right way is critical.
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
01:10
If all your internal organs are flipped, a condition called situs inversus,
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก ืื™ื ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืก,
01:15
it's often harmless.
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ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง.
01:16
But incomplete reversals can be fatal,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
01:19
especially if the heart is involved.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ื”ืœื‘ ืžืขื•ืจื‘.
01:22
But where does this asymmetry come from,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”,
01:24
since a brand-new embryo looks identical on the right and left.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ืจืื” ื–ื”ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
01:28
One theory focuses on a small pit on the embryo
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืขืœ ืฉืงืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ
01:31
called a node.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืื•ื ื”.
01:33
The node is lined with tiny hairs called cilia,
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ื”ืื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืกืœื™ื”,
01:36
while tilt away from the head and whirl around rapidly,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:40
all in the same direction.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
01:42
This synchronized rotation pushes fluid from the right side of the embryo
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ
01:46
to the left.
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ืœืฉืžืืœ.
01:48
On the node's left-hand rim,
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ืขืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื”,
01:50
other cilia sense this fluid flow
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ืกื™ืœื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ
01:52
and activate specific genes on the embryo's left side.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
01:56
These genes direct the cells to make certain proteins,
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:00
and in just a few hours,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:02
the right and left sides of the embryo are chemically different.
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
02:06
Even though they still look the same,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
02:08
these chemical differences are eventually translated into asymmetric organs.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
02:14
Asymmetry shows up in the heart first.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘.
02:17
It begins as a straight tube along the center of the embryo,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
02:21
but when the embryo is around three weeks old,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:24
the tube starts to bend into a c-shape
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืงืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืช ื›'
02:27
and rotate towards the right side of the body.
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ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:30
It grows different structures on each side,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“,
02:32
eventually turning into the familiar asymmetric heart.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™.
02:36
Meanwhile, the other major organs emerge from a central tube
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
02:40
and grow towards their ultimate positions.
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:43
But some organisms, like pigs, don't have those embryonic cilia
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:48
and still have asymmetric internal organs.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
02:51
Could all cells be intrinsically asymmetric?
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื?
02:54
Probably.
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ื›ื ืจืื”.
02:55
Bacterial colonies grow lacy branches that all curl in the same direction,
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืชืœืกืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
03:00
and human cells cultured inside a ring-shaped boundary
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ื•ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช
03:04
tend to line up like the ridges on a cruller.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืœืกืœ.
03:08
If we zoom in even more,
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ืื ื ืชืžืงื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:09
we see that many of cells' basic building blocks,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื,
03:12
like nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars, are inherently asymmetric.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื.
03:17
Proteins have complex asymmetric shapes,
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ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:20
and those proteins control which way cells migrate
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
03:23
and which way embryonic cilia twirl.
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ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืœื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกืชืœืกืœื™ื.
03:26
These biomolecules have a property called chirality,
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื›ื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
03:30
which means that a molecule and its mirror image aren't identical.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื” ืœื ื–ื”ื•ืช.
03:34
Like your right and left hands, they look the same,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:37
but trying to put your right in your left glove proves they're not.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื›ืคื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื.
03:42
This asymmetry at the molecular level is reflected in asymmetric cells,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื,
03:47
asymmetric embryos,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื,
03:49
and finally asymmetric organisms.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:51
So while symmetry may be beautiful,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคื”,
03:53
asymmetry holds an allure of its own,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”,
03:57
found in its graceful whirls,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกืœืกื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื,
03:58
its organized complexity,
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ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”,
04:00
and its striking imperfections.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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