What causes addiction, and why is it so hard to treat? - Judy Grisel

685,265 views ใƒป 2024-03-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2021, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -36 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:11
were estimated to be experiencing substance abuse disorder.
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ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื.
00:15
This condition spans a spectrum of patterned drug use
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ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื
00:19
that causes issues in a personโ€™s life.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
00:22
At the more severe end of the spectrum is substance addiction.
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
00:25
To understand why some people are more susceptible to addiction
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช
00:29
and why it can be so difficult to treat,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
00:31
letโ€™s take a look at how addictive drugs affect the body.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืžื™ื ืžืžื›ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:36
When someone repeatedly uses an addictive substance,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื›ืจ,
00:39
their brain may adjust to account for its regular presence.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
00:43
This is called tolerance; it diminishes the drugโ€™s effect
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช; ื–ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื
00:47
and means more is required to produce the same experience.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
00:52
Alcohol, for instance, increases the transmission of chemical messengers
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
00:56
like endorphin and GABA,
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ื›ืžื• ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ื•ื’ืื‘ื”,
00:58
which promote sensations of pleasure and calmness.
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ื”ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื” ื•ืจื•ื’ืข.
01:02
When someone uses alcohol frequently, their brain will adapt to its presence.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื•.
01:06
So when they donโ€™t use it, their brain receives fewer signals
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช
01:10
from those pleasure- and calm-inducing neurotransmitters,
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ืžืื•ืชื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื ืื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื”,
01:14
which impacts their energy and mood.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—.
01:17
In addition to the unique effects each addictive substance has,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื›ืจ,
01:20
all of them alter the release of dopamine
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ
01:23
in a brain region called the nucleus accumbens.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืžื‘ื ืก.
01:26
This area is part of the brainโ€™s reward pathway,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:30
which is sensitive to experiences that give us pleasure
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ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื ืื”
01:33
and drives us to repeatedly seek them out.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
01:36
The reward pathway is essential to our well-beingโ€”
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ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ื• -
01:39
but addictive substances also exploit it.
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ืืš ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžื›ืจื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:42
When someone is repeatedly using a substance
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:45
and their body has adapted to its presence,
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ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื•,
01:47
they may develop dependence
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืชืœื•ืช
01:49
where the drug is necessary for them to function comfortably.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืกื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
01:53
Meanwhile, repeated use can decrease the influence of the brainโ€™s cortex,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:57
which is responsible for driving deliberate decision-making
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ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช
02:01
and limiting impulsive behaviors.
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
02:03
And it can increase the influence of the brainโ€™s subcortex,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
02:07
which is crucial in habit-learning and impulsivity.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
02:11
Together, these changes can make someone feel a lack of control
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ื™ื—ื“, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
02:15
over how theyโ€™re using a substance.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:18
This can mean suffering in other facets of their life
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
02:21
and taking risks to continue using it.
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ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
02:24
If the substance leaves their system, their body's equilibrium is disrupted,
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ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืžื•ืคืจืข,
02:29
so they may experience cravings that motivate thoughts and behaviors
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:33
of seeking and using the drug.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื.
02:35
And if they continue without the substance,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:37
they may experience withdrawal.
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื’ื”.
02:40
Opioids, for example, relieve pain and induce sedation.
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ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืขื”.
02:44
Withdrawal from them causes heightened pain, anxiety, and insomnia.
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ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ, ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”.
02:49
The faster a drug reaches the brain and stimulates the reward pathway,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ื— ื•ืžืžืจื™ืฆื” ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
02:53
the more addictive it is.
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืžื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:55
For example, heroin and morphine have similar effects,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
02:59
but heroinโ€™s chemical structure enhances its ability
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ืืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•
03:02
to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bind to specific receptors.
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ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื“ื-ืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
03:07
This makes it faster acting and more addictive than morphine.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืขื™ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ื.
03:12
Meanwhile, compared to nicotine patches and gum,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื,
03:15
regular and electronic cigarettes are more addictive
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ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื›ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:18
because smoking and vaping deliver nicotine to the brain fastest.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื“ื•ื™ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ.
03:24
Depending on their chemical structure and mode of delivery,
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:27
drugs vary in how addictive they areโ€”
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ื”ืกืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืžื›ืจื™ื -
03:29
but people also vary in how susceptible they are to substance use disorder.
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ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
03:35
Scientists think this is due to a mix of life experiences
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
03:39
and genetically inherited traits,
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:41
though neither predetermines addiction.
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ืื ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช.
03:44
Trauma and mental health conditions appear to make people more susceptible.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:48
And, overall, using addictive substances before 18
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ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžื›ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ 18
03:52
is considered a strong risk factor.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง.
03:55
This is in part because the reward pathways of younger brains
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ
03:59
are especially sensitive.
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:01
Many of the genetic factors at play remain unknown,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
04:04
but some genes do seem to track with certain substance use disorders.
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ืืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
04:09
For example, specific genes increase the risk for nicotine addiction
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
04:13
by making certain receptors more sensitive to nicotine
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
04:17
and withdrawal from it more difficult.
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ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:19
At the same time,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช,
04:20
some genes actually make people more resistant to substance use disorders,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:25
such as genes that slow the breakdown of alcohol,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืื˜ื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
04:28
leading to unpleasant side effects that make people less interested in drinking.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
04:33
In fact, one drug that treats alcohol use disorder
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ืคืจืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
04:36
operates with this very mechanism.
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ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ.
04:39
Detoxing from a substance the body has become dependent on
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ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคืš ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื•
04:42
can be extremely difficult.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:44
And in some cases, abruptly quitting can also be physically risky,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืคืกืงื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
04:49
so it isnโ€™t always advised.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ.
04:51
Beyond detoxing, quitting is often a long-term process.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื, ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
04:55
Itโ€™s aided by treatment plans that prioritize
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืžืชืขื“ืคื•ืช
04:58
addressing underlying conditions;
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื;
05:00
developing new associations with experiences
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
05:03
previously linked with drug use;
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื;
05:04
and creating safe, supportive environments.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช.
05:08
Ultimately, both addiction and recovery are the results of a brain
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—
05:12
with an incredible ability to adapt from experience.
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ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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