What causes addiction, and why is it so hard to treat? - Judy Grisel

685,265 views ・ 2024-03-19

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: μ§€μˆ™ 였 κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide
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2021λ…„ κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ 3,600만 λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
00:11
were estimated to be experiencing substance abuse disorder.
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μ•½λ¬Ό λ‚¨μš© μž₯μ• λ₯Ό κ²ͺκ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
This condition spans a spectrum of patterned drug use
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이 μ§ˆν™˜μ€ 개인의 삢에 문제λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”
00:19
that causes issues in a person’s life.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ•½λ¬Ό μ‚¬μš©μ„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
At the more severe end of the spectrum is substance addiction.
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κ·Έ λ²”μ£Όμ—μ„œ 더 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 뢀뢄은 μ•½λ¬Ό μ€‘λ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
To understand why some people are more susceptible to addiction
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일뢀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 쀑독에 더 μ‰½κ²Œ λΉ μ§€λŠ” μ΄μœ μ™€
00:29
and why it can be so difficult to treat,
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μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ μ™œ 그토둝 μ–΄λ €μš΄μ§€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:31
let’s take a look at how addictive drugs affect the body.
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쀑독성 약물이 신체에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
When someone repeatedly uses an addictive substance,
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쀑독성 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 반볡적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
00:39
their brain may adjust to account for its regular presence.
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λ‡ŒλŠ” κ·Έ 물질이 κ·œμΉ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 것을 μΈμ§€ν•˜κ³  μ μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
This is called tolerance; it diminishes the drug’s effect
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이λ₯Ό 내성이라고 ν•˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ 효과λ₯Ό λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ¦¬κ³ 
00:47
and means more is required to produce the same experience.
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같은 κ²½ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 양이 ν•„μš”ν•¨μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Alcohol, for instance, increases the transmission of chemical messengers
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬μ€ 쾌락과 ν‰μ˜¨μ„ μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ”
00:56
like endorphin and GABA,
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μ—”λŒν•€ 및 GABA 같은
00:58
which promote sensations of pleasure and calmness.
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ν™”ν•™ 전달 물질의 전달을 λŠ˜λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
When someone uses alcohol frequently, their brain will adapt to its presence.
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μˆ μ„ 자주 λ§ˆμ‹œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λ‡Œκ°€ μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬μ— μ μ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
So when they don’t use it, their brain receives fewer signals
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μˆ μ„ 먹지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ 쾌락과 ν‰μ˜¨μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ”
01:10
from those pleasure- and calm-inducing neurotransmitters,
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μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‡Œκ°€ λ°›λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 쀄어듀어
01:14
which impacts their energy and mood.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ 기뢄에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
In addition to the unique effects each addictive substance has,
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각 쀑독성 물질이 κ°–λŠ” κ³ μœ ν•œ νš¨κ³Όμ— λ”ν•΄μ„œ
01:20
all of them alter the release of dopamine
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λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ μΈ‘μ’Œν•΅μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­μ˜ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό λΆ„λΉ„λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
in a brain region called the nucleus accumbens.
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01:26
This area is part of the brain’s reward pathway,
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이 μ˜μ—­μ€ λ‡Œμ˜ 보상 κ²½λ‘œμ— μ†ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:30
which is sensitive to experiences that give us pleasure
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μ΄λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 즐거움을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ²½ν—˜μ— λ―Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ—¬
01:33
and drives us to repeatedly seek them out.
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그것을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ 찾게 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
The reward pathway is essential to our well-beingβ€”
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보상 κ²½λ‘œλŠ” 우리의 행볡에 κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:39
but addictive substances also exploit it.
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쀑독성 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 이λ₯Ό μ•…μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
When someone is repeatedly using a substance
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νŠΉμ • λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 반볡적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  신체가 κ·Έ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— μ μ‘ν•˜λ©΄
01:45
and their body has adapted to its presence,
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01:47
they may develop dependence
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μ˜μ‘΄μ„±μ΄ 생길 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
where the drug is necessary for them to function comfortably.
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λ¬Έμ œμ—†μ΄ ν™œλ™ν•˜λ €λ©΄ κ·Έ 약물이 ν•„μš”ν•΄μ§€λŠ” 것이죠.
01:53
Meanwhile, repeated use can decrease the influence of the brain’s cortex,
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ν•œνŽΈ, 반볡적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
μ˜λ„μ μΈ μ˜μ‚¬ 결정을 μœ λ„ν•˜κ³  좩동적인 행동을 μ œν•œν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•˜λŠ”
01:57
which is responsible for driving deliberate decision-making
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02:01
and limiting impulsive behaviors.
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λ‡Œ ν”Όμ§ˆμ˜ 영ν–₯을 쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
And it can increase the influence of the brain’s subcortex,
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λ˜ν•œ λ‡Œ ν”Όμ§ˆ ν•˜λΆ€μ˜ 영ν–₯을 ν‚€μšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:07
which is crucial in habit-learning and impulsivity.
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μ΄λŠ” μŠ΅κ΄€ ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 좩동성에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Together, these changes can make someone feel a lack of control
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 변화듀은 νŠΉμ • λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ
02:15
over how they’re using a substance.
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ν†΅μ œλ ₯ 뢀쑱을 느끼게 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
This can mean suffering in other facets of their life
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μ΄λŠ” μ‚Άμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 어렀움을 κ²ͺκ³ 
02:21
and taking risks to continue using it.
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약물을 계속 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
If the substance leaves their system, their body's equilibrium is disrupted,
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물질이 μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄ μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ ν‰ν˜•μ΄ κΉ¨μ Έμ„œ
02:29
so they may experience cravings that motivate thoughts and behaviors
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약물을 μ°Ύκ³  μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ €λŠ” 생각과 행동을 μžκ·Ήν•˜λŠ” μš•κ΅¬λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
of seeking and using the drug.
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02:35
And if they continue without the substance,
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그리고 κ·Έ 물질이 μ—†λŠ” 상황이 μ§€μ†λ˜λ©΄
02:37
they may experience withdrawal.
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κΈˆλ‹¨ 증상을 κ²½ν—˜ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Opioids, for example, relieve pain and induce sedation.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ§ˆμ•½μ„± μ§„ν†΅μ œλŠ” 톡증을 μ™„ν™”ν•˜κ³  진정 μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:44
Withdrawal from them causes heightened pain, anxiety, and insomnia.
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이λ₯Ό μ€‘λ‹¨ν•˜λ©΄ 톡증, λΆˆμ•ˆκ°, 뢈면증이 μ‹¬ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
The faster a drug reaches the brain and stimulates the reward pathway,
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약물이 λ‡Œμ— 더 빨리 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜μ—¬ 보상 경둜λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν• μˆ˜λ‘
02:53
the more addictive it is.
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쀑독성이 더 κ°•ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
For example, heroin and morphine have similar effects,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ ν—€λ‘œμΈκ³Ό λͺ¨λ₯΄ν•€μ€ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:59
but heroin’s chemical structure enhances its ability
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ν—€λ‘œμΈμ˜ ν™”ν•™ κ΅¬μ‘°λŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘-λ‡Œ μž₯벽을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜μ—¬
03:02
to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bind to specific receptors.
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νŠΉμ • μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ— κ²°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°•ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
This makes it faster acting and more addictive than morphine.
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이둜 인해 λͺ¨λ₯΄ν•€λ³΄λ‹€ μž‘μš©μ΄ λΉ λ₯΄κ³  쀑독성이 κ°•ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Meanwhile, compared to nicotine patches and gum,
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ν•œνŽΈ λ‹ˆμ½”ν‹΄ νŒ¨μΉ˜λ‚˜ κ»Œμ— λΉ„ν•΄
03:15
regular and electronic cigarettes are more addictive
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일반 담배와 μ „μž λ‹΄λ°°λŠ” 쀑독성이 더 κ°•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
because smoking and vaping deliver nicotine to the brain fastest.
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흑연과 μ „μž λ‹΄λ°°λŠ” λ‹ˆμ½”ν‹΄μ„ λ‡Œμ— λͺΉμ‹œ 빨리 μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
Depending on their chemical structure and mode of delivery,
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μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ ν™”ν•™ ꡬ쑰와 전달 방식에 따라
03:27
drugs vary in how addictive they areβ€”
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μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ 쀑독성이 λ‹¬λΌμ§€μ§€λ§Œ
03:29
but people also vary in how susceptible they are to substance use disorder.
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μ•½λ¬Ό λ‚¨μš© μž₯μ• λ₯Ό κ²ͺ을 κ°€λŠ₯성도 μ‚¬λžŒλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
Scientists think this is due to a mix of life experiences
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 원인이
μ‚Άμ˜ κ²½ν—˜κ³Ό μœ μ „λ˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ’€μ„žμ—¬ 있기 λ•Œλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:39
and genetically inherited traits,
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03:41
though neither predetermines addiction.
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λ‘˜ λ‹€ 쀑독을 미리 κ²°μ •ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Trauma and mental health conditions appear to make people more susceptible.
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νŠΈλΌμš°λ§ˆμ™€ μ •μ‹  건강 μ§ˆν™˜μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 더 μ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
And, overall, using addictive substances before 18
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그리고 μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ 18μ„Έ 이전에 쀑독성 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은
03:52
is considered a strong risk factor.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μœ„ν—˜ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
This is in part because the reward pathways of younger brains
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μ΄λŠ” μ Šμ€ λ‡Œμ˜ 보상 κ²½λ‘œκ°€ 특히 λ―Όκ°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
are especially sensitive.
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ν˜„μž¬ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μ  μš”μΈ 쀑 μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜λŠ” 아직 λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ‚˜
04:01
Many of the genetic factors at play remain unknown,
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04:04
but some genes do seem to track with certain substance use disorders.
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일뢀 μœ μ „μžλŠ” νŠΉμ • 물질 μ‚¬μš© μž₯애와 관련이 μžˆλŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
For example, specific genes increase the risk for nicotine addiction
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, νŠΉμ • μœ μ „μžλŠ” λ‹ˆμ½”ν‹΄ 쀑독 μœ„ν—˜μ„ λ†’μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
by making certain receptors more sensitive to nicotine
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νŠΉμ • μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ λ‹ˆμ½”ν‹΄μ— 더 λ―Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
04:17
and withdrawal from it more difficult.
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λ‹ˆμ½”ν‹΄μ„ λŠλŠ” 것을 더 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것이죠.
04:19
At the same time,
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ν•œνŽΈ 일뢀 μœ μ „μžλŠ” μ•½λ¬Ό λ‚¨μš© μž₯μ• λ₯Ό λ§‰μ•„μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
some genes actually make people more resistant to substance use disorders,
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04:25
such as genes that slow the breakdown of alcohol,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬ λΆ„ν•΄λ₯Ό λŠ¦μΆ”λŠ” μœ μ „μžλŠ”
04:28
leading to unpleasant side effects that make people less interested in drinking.
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λΆˆμΎŒν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ 일으켜 μŒμ£Όμ— λŒ€ν•œ 관심을 λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
In fact, one drug that treats alcohol use disorder
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사싀 μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬ 쀑독을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” μ•½λ¬Ό 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
04:36
operates with this very mechanism.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이런 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Detoxing from a substance the body has become dependent on
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μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κ²Œ 된 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ” 것은 맀우 μ–΄λ €μšΈ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
can be extremely difficult.
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04:44
And in some cases, abruptly quitting can also be physically risky,
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κ°‘μžκΈ° λŠλŠ” 것은 κ²½μš°μ— 따라 μ‹ μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ„ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ
04:49
so it isn’t always advised.
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항상 ꢌμž₯λ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
Beyond detoxing, quitting is often a long-term process.
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해독 외에도 μ€‘λ…μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것은 μž₯기적인 과정인 κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
It’s aided by treatment plans that prioritize
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λ‹€μŒ 사항을 μš°μ„ μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 치료 κ³„νšμ΄ 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
addressing underlying conditions;
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κΈ°μ € μ§ˆν™˜μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ°,
05:00
developing new associations with experiences
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μ•½λ¬Ό μ‚¬μš©κ³Ό 관련이 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ— μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 연관성을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κΈ°,
05:03
previously linked with drug use;
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05:04
and creating safe, supportive environments.
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μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  지지적인 ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ‘°μ„±ν•˜κΈ°.
05:08
Ultimately, both addiction and recovery are the results of a brain
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ꢁ극적으둜 쀑독과 νšŒλ³΅μ€ λ‘˜ λ‹€
λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ κ²½ν—˜μ„ 톡해 λ†€λΌμš΄ 적응λ ₯을 λ°œνœ˜ν•œ κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
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with an incredible ability to adapt from experience.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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