Urbanization and the future of cities - Vance Kite

2,668,477 views ใƒป 2013-09-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:06
Today ,more than half of all people in the world
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:09
live in an urban area.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:11
By mid-century, this will increase to 70%.
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื”, ื–ื” ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœ 70%.
00:14
But as recently as 100 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”,
00:16
only two out of ten people lived in a city,
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ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
00:19
and before that, it was even less.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
00:21
How have we reached
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื•
00:22
such a high degree of urbanization,
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ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืจ,
00:24
and what does it mean for our future?
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
00:27
In the earliest days of human history,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
00:29
humans were hunter-gatherers,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื,
00:31
often moving from place to place
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ืฉื ืขื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื
00:32
in search of food.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
00:35
But about 10,000 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”,
00:36
our ancestors began to learn the secrets
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ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืกื•ื“
00:38
of selective breeding
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ื”ื”ื›ืœืื” ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
00:40
and early agricultural techniques.
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ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
00:42
For the first time,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:43
people could raise food
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
00:45
rather than search for it,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื•,
00:46
and this led to the development
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
00:47
of semi-permanent villages
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ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”
00:49
for the first time in history.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:51
"Why only semi-permanent?" you might ask.
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"ืœืžื” ืจืง ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”?" ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
00:54
Well, at first, the villages still had to relocate
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
00:57
every few years
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ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
00:58
as the soil became depleted.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœื”.
01:00
It was only with the advent of techniques
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช
01:02
like irrigation and soil tilling
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจืงืข
01:04
about 5,000 years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 5,000 ืฉื ื”
01:06
that people could rely on a steady
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ
01:07
and long-term supply of food,
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ืืกืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
01:09
making permanent settlements possible.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ืข ืœืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
01:11
And with the food surpluses
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ื•ืขื ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœ
01:13
that these techniques produced,
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆืจื•,
01:15
it was no longer necessary for everyone to farm.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
01:17
This allowed the development
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
01:18
of other specialized trades,
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ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:20
and, by extension, cities.
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื, ืขืจื™ื.
01:23
With cities now producing surplus food,
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ืขื ืขืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:25
as well as tools,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืœื™ื,
01:26
crafts,
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ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:27
and other goods,
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ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:28
there was now the possibility of commerce
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืกื—ืจ
01:30
and interaction over longer distances.
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ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:33
And as trade flourished,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉื’ืฉื’,
01:34
so did technologies that facilitated it,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื•,
01:37
like carts,
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ื›ืžื• ืขื’ืœื•ืช,
01:39
ships,
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ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
01:40
roads,
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ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
01:41
and ports.
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ื•ื ืžืœื™ื.
01:43
Of course, these things required even more labor
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ืจืฉื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:45
to build and maintain,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื,
01:46
so more people were drawn
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื•
01:47
from the countryside to the cities
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ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืœืขืจื™ื
01:49
as more jobs and opportunities
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
01:51
became available.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช.
01:52
If you think modern cities are overcrowded,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช,
01:55
you may be surprised to learn
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื“ืขืช
01:56
that some cities in 2000 B.C. had population densities
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ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ื‘ 2000 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ
01:59
nearly twice as high as that of Shanghai or Calcutta.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™ ืื• ืงืœืงื•ื˜ื”.
02:03
One reason for this
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื–ื”
02:04
was that transportation was not widely available,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื–ืžื™ื ื”,
02:07
so everything had to be within walking distance,
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ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืœื™ื›ื”,
02:10
including the few sources of clean water
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
02:12
that existed then.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื–.
02:13
And the land area of the city
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ
02:15
was further restricted by the need for walls
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืžื”
02:17
to defend against attacks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช.
02:20
The Roman Empire was able to develop infrastructure
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืคืชื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
02:22
to overcome these limitations,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:25
but other than that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”,
02:26
modern cities as we know them,
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ืขืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:27
didn't really get their start
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ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
02:28
until the Industrial Revolution,
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ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
02:30
when new technology deployed on a mass scale
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ื›ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฉื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:33
allowed cities to expand and integrate further,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:36
establishing police,
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ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื•ืช,
02:37
fire,
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ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืืฉ,
02:38
and sanitation departments,
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ื•ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืชื‘ืจื•ืื”,
02:39
as well as road networks,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
02:41
and later electricity distribution.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืฆืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:43
So, what is the future of cities?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืขืจื™ื?
02:46
Global population is currently more than 7 billion
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
02:49
and is predicted to top out around 10 billion.
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ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื’ื“ืœ ืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
02:52
Most of this growth will occur
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืงืจื”
02:53
in the urban areas of the world's poorest countries.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:57
So, how will cities need to change
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ืื–, ืืš ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
02:58
to accommodate this growth?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
03:01
First, the world will need to seek ways
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:03
to provide adequate food,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:04
sanitation,
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ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
03:05
and education for all people.
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:07
Second, growth will need to happen
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงืจื•ืช
03:09
in a way that does not damage the land
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข
03:11
that provides us with the goods and services
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ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื
03:13
that support the human population.
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:17
Food production might move
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื–ื•ื–
03:18
to vertical farms and skyscrapers,
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ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื,
03:20
rooftop gardens,
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ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื’,
03:21
or vacant lots in city centers,
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ืื• ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืจื™ื,
03:24
while power will increasingly come
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:25
from multiple sources of renewable energy.
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ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
03:28
Instead of single-family homes,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื,
03:30
more residences will be built vertically.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื ื• ืื ื›ื™ืช.
03:33
We may see buildings that contain everything
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ
03:35
that people need for their daily life,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื,
03:37
as well as a smaller, self-sufficient cities
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ืŸ
03:39
focused on local and sustainable production.
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
03:42
The future of cities is diverse,
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ,
03:44
malleable,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
03:45
and creative,
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™,
03:46
no longer built around a single industry,
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ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
03:48
but reflecting an increasingly connected
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ืืœื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืขื•ืœื
03:50
and global world.
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ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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