Urbanization and the future of cities - Vance Kite

Urbanizasiÿa we şäherleriñ gelejegi - Wans Kaÿt

Today ,more than half of all people in the world

Bugün,

adamlaryñ ÿarysyndan köpüsi

live in an urban area.

şäher sebitlerinde ÿaşaÿar.

By mid-century, this will increase to 70%.

şu asyryñ ortalarynda, bu 70% köpeler.

But as recently as 100 years ago,

Ÿöne 100 ÿyl mundan öñem,

only two out of ten people lived in a city,

bary-ÿogy 10-dan 2-si şäherde ÿaşaÿardy

and before that, it was even less.

ondan öñ bolsa, ondanam azdy.

How have we reached

Nädip bu derejedäki urbanizasiÿa ÿetipdiris?

such a high degree of urbanization,

and what does it mean for our future?

we gelejegimiz üçin bu näme añlatÿar?

In the earliest days of human history,

Adamçylygyñ ilkinji döwürlerinde,

humans were hunter-gatherers,

adamlar awçy-toplaÿjylardy,

often moving from place to place

iÿmit gözleginde göçüp-gonup ÿörüpdirler.

in search of food.

But about 10,000 years ago,

Emma 10 müñ ÿyl mundan öñ

our ancestors began to learn the secrets

ata-babalar haÿwanlary öÿdekileşdirmegiñ

of selective breeding

we ekerançylygyñ usullaryny öwrenip başlapdyrlar

and early agricultural techniques.

For the first time,

Taryhda ilkinji gezek,

people could raise food

adamlar iÿmiti gözläp tapman, ösdürip başladylar,

rather than search for it,

and this led to the development

bu bolsa öz gezeginde ÿarym-oturumly obalaryñ döremegine getirdi

of semi-permanent villages

for the first time in history.

"Why only semi-permanent?" you might ask.

"Näme üçin diñe ÿarym-otyrymly?” diÿip sorarsyñyz.

Well, at first, the villages still had to relocate

Ilki başda, obalar topragyñ guraklaşmagy sebäpli

every few years

her birnäçe ÿyldan göçmelidiler

as the soil became depleted.

It was only with the advent of techniques

Diñe suwarma we toprak sürme ÿaly usullaryñ özgermegi bilen,

like irrigation and soil tilling

about 5,000 years ago

takmynan 5 müñ ÿyl mundan öñ,

that people could rely on a steady

durnukly we uzak möhletleÿin iÿmit üpçünçiligi sebäpli,

and long-term supply of food,

making permanent settlements possible.

doly oturumlulyk mümkin boldy.

And with the food surpluses

Täze usullaryñ iÿmiti artdyryp başlamagy sebäpli,

that these techniques produced,

it was no longer necessary for everyone to farm.

herkimiñ ekerançylyk etmek zerurlygy aÿyryldy.

This allowed the development

Bu bolsa, ÿöriteleşdirilen söwdanyñ ösmegine

of other specialized trades,

and, by extension, cities.

yz-ÿanam, şäherleriñ gelip çykmagyna getirdi.

With cities now producing surplus food,

Indi, şäherlerde iÿmitiñ agdyklyk etmegi bilen,

as well as tools,

şeÿlede gurallaryñ, esbaplaryñ, we başgada harytlaryñ köpelmegi bilen,

crafts,

and other goods,

there was now the possibility of commerce

has uzak aralykdan söwda we ara-gatnaşyga

and interaction over longer distances.

mümkinçilik döredi.

And as trade flourished,

Söwda ösdügiçe,

so did technologies that facilitated it,

ony añsatlaşdyryjy tehnologiÿalar hem köpeldi.

like carts,

Ÿagny arabalar,

ships,

gämiler,

roads,

ÿollar

and ports.

we portlar.

Of course, these things required even more labor

Elbetde, bu zatlary dolandyrmak üçin hasda köp iş güjüni talap etdi.

to build and maintain,

so more people were drawn

Bu sebäpli hem obalardan, mümkinçilik we iş ÿer köpelmegi bilen,

from the countryside to the cities

as more jobs and opportunities

hasda köp adam şäherlere çekildi.

became available.

If you think modern cities are overcrowded,

Siz häzirki şäherler dyknyşyk görseñiz,

you may be surprised to learn

(asyrdan öñ) 2 müñinji ÿyllarda käbir şäherleriñ ilat dyknyşyklygy,

that some cities in 2000 B.C. had population densities

nearly twice as high as that of Shanghai or Calcutta.

Şanhaÿ ÿa Kalkuttañkydan iki essesidigi, geñ galdyrar.

One reason for this

Bunuñ sebäpleriniñ biri hem, transportyñ el-ÿeterli bolmazlygy,

was that transportation was not widely available,

so everything had to be within walking distance,

Şonuñ üçin hemme zat, pyÿada ÿeterlik aralykda bolmalydy.

including the few sources of clean water

Şol sanda barja arassa suw çeşmeleride.

that existed then.

And the land area of the city

Üste-üstine şäheriñ gury ÿer meÿdany çozuşlardan goranmak üçin

was further restricted by the need for walls

to defend against attacks.

diwarlar bilen çäklendirilendi.

The Roman Empire was able to develop infrastructure

Rim Imperiÿasy, infrastruktura dikeltmegi bilen,

to overcome these limitations,

bu kynçylyklary ÿeñip bildiler.

but other than that,

Emma bundan daşary, bize tanyş şäherler,

modern cities as we know them,

didn't really get their start

Senagat Öwrülşigine çenli baş almandylar.

until the Industrial Revolution,

when new technology deployed on a mass scale

Täze tehnologiÿalaryñ köpçülikleÿin öndürülmegi,

allowed cities to expand and integrate further,

şäherleriñ giñelmegine we hasda birikdirilmegine getirip,

establishing police,

fire,

polisiÿa, ÿangyn we sanitariÿa gulluklary, köçeleri we soñurrak

and sanitation departments,

as well as road networks,

elektrik tok paÿlaÿjy ulgamlaryny döredilmegini mümkin etdi.

and later electricity distribution.

So, what is the future of cities?

Indi, şäherleriñ gelejegi nähili?

Global population is currently more than 7 billion

Häzir dünÿäniñ ilaty, 7 milÿarddan gowyrak,

and is predicted to top out around 10 billion.

we 10 milÿarda ÿetmegi çaklanylÿar.

Most of this growth will occur

Bu ösüşiñ köpüsi

in the urban areas of the world's poorest countries.

dünÿäniñ iñ garyp ÿurtalarynyñ şäher zolaklarynda bolar.

So, how will cities need to change

Bu ösüşleri garşylamak üçin, şäherler nähili özgermeli bolarka?

to accommodate this growth?

First, the world will need to seek ways

Ilki bilen,

dünÿe adamlara ÿeterlik

to provide adequate food,

iÿmit,

sanitation,

arassaçylyk,

and education for all people.

we bilim bilen, üpjün etmegi başarmaly.

Second, growth will need to happen

Ikinjisi,

in a way that does not damage the land

ösüş, harytlary we hyzmatlary üpjün etÿän,

that provides us with the goods and services

topraga zeper ÿetirmez ÿaly bolup geçmeli.

that support the human population.

Belki iÿmit öndürüjiligi, dik ekerançylyga, we belent binalara,

Food production might move

to vertical farms and skyscrapers,

rooftop gardens,

üçekdäki melleklere we şäherleriñ boş ÿerlerine geçiriler,

or vacant lots in city centers,

while power will increasingly come

elektrik togy bolsa gitdigiçe bir näçe, täzelenip biliji çeşmelerden alynar.

from multiple sources of renewable energy.

Instead of single-family homes,

Ÿeke maşgala öÿlere derek, köp öÿler dikligine gurular.

more residences will be built vertically.

We may see buildings that contain everything

Şeÿlede, adamlaryñ gündeki ihtiÿaçlaryny, hemmesini öz içinde saklaÿan binalar,

that people need for their daily life,

as well as a smaller, self-sufficient cities

we kiçiräk, öz-özüni dolandyryjy,

focused on local and sustainable production.

ÿerli we durnukly öndürüjilige üns berÿän şäherler.

The future of cities is diverse,

Şäherleriñ gelejegi her dürli,

malleable,

ynjyk

and creative,

we döredijilik ukyply,

no longer built around a single industry,

öñkiler ÿaly bir senagatyñ esasynda gurulman,

but reflecting an increasingly connected

oña derek gitdigiçe birikdirilen we global dünÿäñ aÿlasynda gurular.

and global world.