Urbanization and the future of cities - Vance Kite

2,635,917 views ・ 2013-09-12

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Petra Lauš Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
Today ,more than half of all people in the world
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Danas više od pola svjetske populacije
00:09
live in an urban area.
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živi u urbanom području.
00:11
By mid-century, this will increase to 70%.
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Do sredine stoljeća taj broj će se povećati na 70 %.
00:14
But as recently as 100 years ago,
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Ali još prije 100 godina,
00:16
only two out of ten people lived in a city,
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samo su dvije od deset osoba živjele u gradu,
00:19
and before that, it was even less.
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a prije toga čak i manje.
00:21
How have we reached
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Kako smo došli
00:22
such a high degree of urbanization,
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do tako visokog stupnja urbanizacije
00:24
and what does it mean for our future?
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i što to znači za našu budućnost?
00:27
In the earliest days of human history,
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U najranijim danima ljudske povijesti,
00:29
humans were hunter-gatherers,
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ljudi su bili lovci-sakupljači
00:31
often moving from place to place
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i često su se selili od jednog mjesta do drugog
00:32
in search of food.
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u potrazi za hranom.
00:35
But about 10,000 years ago,
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Ali prije oko 10 000 godina,
00:36
our ancestors began to learn the secrets
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naši su preci počeli učiti o tajnama
00:38
of selective breeding
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selektivnog uzgoja
00:40
and early agricultural techniques.
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i ranim poljoprivrednim tehnikama.
00:42
For the first time,
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00:43
people could raise food
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Prvi puta
ljudi su mogli uzgojiti hranu
00:45
rather than search for it,
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umjesto da je traže,
00:46
and this led to the development
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i to je dovelo do razvoja
00:47
of semi-permanent villages
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polutrajnih naselja
00:49
for the first time in history.
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prvi puta u povijesti.
00:51
"Why only semi-permanent?" you might ask.
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"Zašto samo polutrajnih?" možda ćete se pitati.
00:54
Well, at first, the villages still had to relocate
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Prvotno su se naselja još uvijek trebala seliti
00:57
every few years
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svakih par godina
00:58
as the soil became depleted.
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jer je zemlja postala istrošena.
01:00
It was only with the advent of techniques
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Tek pojavom tehnika
01:02
like irrigation and soil tilling
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kao što su navodnjavanje i oranje
01:04
about 5,000 years ago
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prije oko 5000 godina
01:06
that people could rely on a steady
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ljudi su se mogli osloniti na stalnu
01:07
and long-term supply of food,
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i dugotrajnu opskrbu hranom,
01:09
making permanent settlements possible.
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što je omogućilo stalna naselja.
01:11
And with the food surpluses
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S obzirom na viškove hrane
01:13
that these techniques produced,
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koje su stvarale ove tehnike,
01:15
it was no longer necessary for everyone to farm.
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više nije bilo nužno da se svi bave poljoprivredom.
01:17
This allowed the development
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To je omogućilo razvoj
01:18
of other specialized trades,
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drugih specijaliziranih zanata,
01:20
and, by extension, cities.
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zatim i gradova.
01:23
With cities now producing surplus food,
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Kako su gradovi stvarali viškove hrane,
01:25
as well as tools,
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kao i alate,
01:26
crafts,
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rukotvorine
01:27
and other goods,
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i ostalu robu,
01:28
there was now the possibility of commerce
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pojavila se mogućnost trgovine
01:30
and interaction over longer distances.
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i interakcije na velikim udaljenostima.
01:33
And as trade flourished,
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Trgovina je cvjetala,
01:34
so did technologies that facilitated it,
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kao i tehnologije koje su je olakšale,
01:37
like carts,
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poput kola,
01:39
ships,
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brodova,
01:40
roads,
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cesta
01:41
and ports.
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i luka.
01:43
Of course, these things required even more labor
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Naravno, te su stvari zahtijevale još više rada
01:45
to build and maintain,
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za izgradnju i održavanje,
01:46
so more people were drawn
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pa je još više ljudi privlačilo
01:47
from the countryside to the cities
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ići iz sela u gradove
01:49
as more jobs and opportunities
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kako je više poslova i mogućnosti
01:51
became available.
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postalo dostupno.
01:52
If you think modern cities are overcrowded,
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Ako mislite da su moderni gradovi prenapučeni,
01:55
you may be surprised to learn
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možda će vas iznenaditi
01:56
that some cities in 2000 B.C. had population densities
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da su neki gradovi 2000 godina prije Krista imali gustoću naseljenosti
01:59
nearly twice as high as that of Shanghai or Calcutta.
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koje je bila gotovo dvostruko veća od Šangaja ili Kalkute.
02:03
One reason for this
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Jedan razlog za to
02:04
was that transportation was not widely available,
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bio je da promet nije bio široko dostupan
02:07
so everything had to be within walking distance,
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pa je sve moralo biti na pješačkoj udaljenosti,
02:10
including the few sources of clean water
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uključujući nekoliko izvora čiste vode
02:12
that existed then.
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koji su tada postojali.
02:13
And the land area of the city
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Područje grada
02:15
was further restricted by the need for walls
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bilo je ograničeno zbog potrebe za zidovima
02:17
to defend against attacks.
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kako bi se obranili od napada.
02:20
The Roman Empire was able to develop infrastructure
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Rimsko carstvo moglo je razviti infrastrukturu
02:22
to overcome these limitations,
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da nadiđe ta ograničenja,
02:25
but other than that,
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ali osim toga
02:26
modern cities as we know them,
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moderni gradovi kakve poznajemo
02:27
didn't really get their start
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nisu se počeli graditi
02:28
until the Industrial Revolution,
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do Industrijske revolucije,
02:30
when new technology deployed on a mass scale
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kada je nova tehnologija razvijena na velikim razmjerima
02:33
allowed cities to expand and integrate further,
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omogućila da se gradovi dalje šire i integriraju,
02:36
establishing police,
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uspostavom policijske
02:37
fire,
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i vatrogasne postaje
02:38
and sanitation departments,
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te komunalnog poduzeća,
02:39
as well as road networks,
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kao i cestovnih mreža
02:41
and later electricity distribution.
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i kasnije opskrbom električnom strujom.
02:43
So, what is the future of cities?
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Koja je budućnost gradova?
02:46
Global population is currently more than 7 billion
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Svjetsko stanovništvo trenutno je na više od 7 milijardi
02:49
and is predicted to top out around 10 billion.
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i predviđa se da će doseći oko 10 milijardi.
02:52
Most of this growth will occur
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Većina tog rasta dogodit će se
02:53
in the urban areas of the world's poorest countries.
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u urbanim područjima najsiromašnijih zemalja na svijetu.
02:57
So, how will cities need to change
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Kako će se gradovi trebati promijeniti
02:58
to accommodate this growth?
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kako bi primili taj rast?
03:01
First, the world will need to seek ways
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Prvo, svijet će trebati naći načine
03:03
to provide adequate food,
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kako adekvatnu hranu,
03:04
sanitation,
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higijenu
03:05
and education for all people.
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i obrazovanje pružiti svim ljudima.
03:07
Second, growth will need to happen
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Drugo, rast će se trebati dogoditi
03:09
in a way that does not damage the land
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na način koji nije štetan za zemlju
03:11
that provides us with the goods and services
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koja nam pruža robu i usluge
03:13
that support the human population.
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koje podupiru stanovništvo.
Proizvodnja hrane možda će se premjestiti
03:17
Food production might move
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03:18
to vertical farms and skyscrapers,
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u vertikalne farme i nebodere,
03:20
rooftop gardens,
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vrtove na krovu,
03:21
or vacant lots in city centers,
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ili na prazna zemljišta u centru grada,
03:24
while power will increasingly come
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dok će energija sve više dolaziti
03:25
from multiple sources of renewable energy.
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iz mnogobrojnih izvora obnovljive energije.
03:28
Instead of single-family homes,
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Umjesto obiteljskih kuća,
03:30
more residences will be built vertically.
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mjesta stanovanja bit će građena vertikalno.
03:33
We may see buildings that contain everything
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Možda će biti zgrada koje sadrže sve
03:35
that people need for their daily life,
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što ljudi trebaju u svakodnevnom životu,
03:37
as well as a smaller, self-sufficient cities
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kao i manjih gradova koji ne ovise ni o čemu,
03:39
focused on local and sustainable production.
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koji su usmjereni na lokalnu i održivu proizvodnju.
03:42
The future of cities is diverse,
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Budućnost gradova je raznolika,
03:44
malleable,
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promjenjiva
03:45
and creative,
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i kreativna,
03:46
no longer built around a single industry,
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više nije izgrađena oko jedne industrije,
03:48
but reflecting an increasingly connected
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nego odražava sve više i više povezan
03:50
and global world.
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i globalan svijet.
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