A guide to the energy of the Earth - Joshua M. Sneideman

1,222,615 views ใƒป 2014-06-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Energy is all around us,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:09
a physical quantity that follows precise natural laws.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื.
00:14
Our universe has a finite amount of it;
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ืœื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžืžื ื”;
00:16
it's neither created nor destroyed
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืื• ืžื•ืฉืžื“ืช
00:18
but can take different forms,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
00:20
such as kinetic or potential energy,
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ื›ืžื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช,
00:22
with different properties and formulas to remember.
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ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.
00:25
For instance,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
00:27
an LED desk lamp's 6 Watt bulb
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ื ื•ืจืช LED ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืช 6 ื•ื•ืื˜
00:29
transfers 6 Joules of light energy per second.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” 6 ื’'ืื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ืื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
00:33
But let's jump back up into space
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ
00:35
to look at our planet, its systems, and their energy flow.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:39
Earth's physical systems include
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช
00:41
the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
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ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:44
lithosphere, and biosphere.
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ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:46
Energy moves in and out of these systems,
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
00:49
and during any energy transfer between them,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ,
00:52
some is lost to the surroundings,
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ื—ืœืงื” ื ืื‘ื“ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:54
as heat, light, sound,
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ื›ื—ื•ื, ืื•ืจ, ืงื•ืœ, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื”.
00:57
vibration, or movement.
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00:59
Our planet's energy comes from internal and external sources.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื”
ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื;
01:03
Geothermal energy from radioactive isotopes
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืชืจืžื™ืช ืžืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
01:06
and rotational energy from the spinning of the Earth
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:09
are internal sources of energy,
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ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
01:11
while the Sun is the major external source,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™,
01:14
driving certain systems, like our weather and climate.
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ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:18
Sunlight warms the surface and atmosphere in varying amounts,
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ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืžื—ืžื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:21
and this causes convection,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืื ื›ื™ืช,
01:23
producing winds and influencing ocean currents.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื™ื ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืžื•ืงืจื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
01:27
Infrared radiation, radiating out from the warmed surface of the Earth,
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ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:31
gets trapped by greenhouse gases and further affects the energy flow.
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ื ืœื›ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:36
The Sun is also the major source of energy for organisms.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
01:40
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืืฆื•ืช, ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
01:42
use sunlight to produce organic matter
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
01:45
from carbon dioxide and water,
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ืžืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื,
01:48
powering the biosphere's food chains.
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ื•ืžืชื“ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:50
We release this food energy using chemical reactions,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:54
like combustion and respiration.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:56
At each level in a food chain, some energy is stored
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืื’ืจืช
02:00
in newly made chemical structures,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:02
but most is lost to the surroundings,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:04
as heat, like your body heat,
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ื›ื—ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:06
released by your digestion of food.
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ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:09
Now, as plants are eaten by primary consumers,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื,
02:12
only about 10% of their total energy is passed on to the next level.
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ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš 10% ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
02:17
Since energy can only flow in one direction in a food chain,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:21
from producers on to consumers and decomposers,
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ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืจืงื™ื‘ื™ื,
02:24
an organism that eats lower on the food chain,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:26
is more efficient than one higher up.
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ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืžื ื•.
02:29
So eating producers is the most efficient level
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ืื– ืื›ื™ืœืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:32
at which an animal can get its energy,
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ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”,
02:34
but without continual input of energy to those producers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:38
mostly from sunlight,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
02:40
life on Earth as we know it would cease to exist.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื
ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
02:43
We humans, of course, spend our energy doing a lot of things besides eating.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืœ.
02:47
We travel, we build, we power all sorts of technology.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:51
To do all this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
02:53
we use sources like fossil fuels:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื:
02:54
coal, oil, and natural gas,
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ืคื—ื, ื ืคื˜, ื•ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
02:57
which contain energy
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:59
that plants captured from sunlight long ago
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ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื• ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
03:02
and stored in the form of carbon.
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ื•ืื’ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
03:04
When we burn fossil fuels in power plants,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—,
03:07
we release this stored energy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืฆื•ืจื”
03:09
to generate electricity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:11
To generate electricity,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:13
heat from burning fossil fuels is used to power turbines
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ื—ื•ื ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชืช ื›ื•ื— ืœื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช
03:16
that rotate magnets,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื,
03:18
which, in turn, create magnetic field changes
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
03:21
relative to a coil of wire,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜,
03:23
causing electrons to be induced to flow in the wire.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜.
03:27
Modern civilization depends on our ability
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:30
to keep powering that flow of electrons.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื•.
03:33
Fortunately, we aren't limited to burning non-renewable fossil fuels
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
ืœืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืœื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
03:37
to generate electricity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
03:39
Electrons can also be induced to flow
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื
03:41
by direct interaction with light particles,
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ืขื™ืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ืจ,
03:44
which is how a solar cell operates.
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ื›ืš ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:47
Other renewable energy sources,
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03:49
such as wind, water,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื—, ืžื™ื, ื’ืื•ืชืจืžื™ ื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
03:51
geothermal, and biofuels
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03:53
can also be used to generate electricity.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”,
03:57
Global demand for energy is increasing,
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03:59
but the planet has limited energy resources
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:02
to access through a complex energy infrastructure.
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ื“ืจืš ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
04:05
As populations rise,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื”,
04:07
alongside rates of industrialization and development,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
04:10
our energy decisions grow more and more important.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:13
Access to energy impacts health, education,
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™.
04:16
political power, and socioeconomic status.
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04:19
If we improve our energy efficiency,
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ืื ื ืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:22
we can use our natural resources more responsibly
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
04:25
and improve quality of life for everyone.
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ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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