What are stem cells? - Craig A. Kohn

1,961,190 views ใƒป 2013-09-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:06
Imagine two people are listening to music.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
00:09
What are the odds
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ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
00:10
that they are listening
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ืฉื”ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื
00:11
to the exact same playlist?
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง?
00:13
Probably pretty low.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ืš,
00:14
After all, everyone has very different tastes in music.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
00:18
Now, what are the odds
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
00:19
that your body will need
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš
00:20
the exact same medical care and treatment
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™
00:23
as another person's body?
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ?
00:24
Even lower.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:26
As we go through our lives,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
00:27
each of us will have very different needs
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:29
for our own healthcare.
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ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:31
Scientists and doctors are constantly researching ways
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:34
to make medicine more personalized.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
00:37
One way they are doing this
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
00:39
is by researching stem cells.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
00:41
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated,
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื ืชืื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
00:45
meaning they do not have a specific job or function.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
00:48
While skin cells protect your body,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
00:50
muscle cells contract,
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ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื,
00:52
and nerve cells send signals,
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ื•ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช,
00:54
stem cells do not have any specific structures or functions.
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ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:58
Stem cells do have the potential
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ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
01:00
to become all other kinds of cells in your body.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
01:04
Your body uses stem cells
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
01:05
to replace worn-out cells when they die.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
01:08
For example, you completely replace
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:11
the lining of your intestines every four days.
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ืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื.
01:14
Stem cells beneath the lining of your intestines
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉืœื›ื
01:16
replace these cells as they wear out.
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ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ืœื™ื.
01:20
Scientists hope that stem cells could be used
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
01:22
to create a very special kind of personalized medicine
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
01:26
in which we could replace your own body parts with,
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ื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื,
01:29
well, your own body parts.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:32
Stem cell researchers are working hard
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื”
01:34
to find ways in which to use stem cells
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
01:36
to create new tissue
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:38
to replace the parts of organs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”
01:39
that are damaged by injury or disease.
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ืฉื ืคื’ืข ืžืคืฆื™ืขื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื”.
01:43
Using stem cells to replace damaged bodily tissue
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ
01:45
is called regenerative medicine.
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ื ืงืจืืช ืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’'ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
01:48
For example, scientists currently use stem cells
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
01:51
to treat patients with blood diseases
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ื
01:53
such as leukemia.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืงืžื™ื”.
01:55
Leukemia is a form of cancer
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ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:57
that affects your bone marrow.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:00
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside your bones
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ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืจืงืžื” ืกืคื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
02:03
where your blood cells are created.
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ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืื™ ื“ื.
02:05
In leukemia, some of the cells inside your bone marrow
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ื‘ืœื•ืงืžื™ื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืœื›ื
02:08
grow uncontrollably, crowding out the healthy stem cells
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ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช, ื•ืžืกืœืงื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
02:12
that form your blood cells.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:14
Some leukemia patients can receive
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืœื™ ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ
02:16
a stem cell transplant.
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ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
02:19
These new stem cells will create
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ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆืจื•
02:20
the blood cells needed by the patient's body.
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ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
02:24
There are actually multiple kinds
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘
02:25
of stem cells that scientists can use
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ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
02:27
for medical treatments and research.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ.
02:29
Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
02:32
are found in small numbers
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
02:34
in most of your body's tissues.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:37
Tissue-specific stem cells replace
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื
02:39
the existing cells in your organs
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ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
02:41
as they wear out and die.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื.
02:43
Embryonic stem cells are created
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
02:45
from leftover embryos that are willingly donated
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ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืจืžื•ืช ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ
02:48
by patients from fertility clinics.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืจืคืื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:51
Unlike tissue-specific stem cells,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
02:53
embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
02:57
This means that they can be grown
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:58
into any kind of tissue in the body.
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ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:02
A third kind of stem cells
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
03:03
is called induced pluripotent stem cells.
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ื ืงืจื ืชืื™ื ืคืœื•ืจื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื.
03:07
These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells
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ืืœื” ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
03:10
that scientists have changed
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•
03:12
to behave like embryonic stem cells.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื.
03:15
Like embryonic stem cells,
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ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื,
03:17
they, too, can become any kind of cell in the body.
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ื’ื ื”ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:20
While scientists and doctors hope to use
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
03:22
all of these kinds of stem cells
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ื›ื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืืœื”
03:24
to create new tissue to heal your body,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืคืื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:26
they can also use stem cells
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ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
03:28
to help understand how the body works.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“
03:32
Scientists can watch stem cells develop
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื
03:34
into tissue to understand the mechnanisms
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ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ
03:36
that the body uses to create new tissue
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
03:39
in a controlled and regulated way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช.
03:42
Scientists hope that with more research,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืงืจ,
03:44
they can not only develop specialized medicine
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืจืง ืœืคืชื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช
03:47
that is specific to your body
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ืฉืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
03:49
but also better understand
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:51
how your body functions,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“,
03:52
both when it's healthy
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื
03:53
and when it's not.
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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