3 ways to end a virus

451,248 views ใƒป 2022-12-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
Itโ€™s spring 2021.
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ื–ื” ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2021.
00:08
The Alpha variant of the coronavirus has spread rapidly,
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ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ ืืœืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:11
becoming the dominant variant worldwide.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:14
But another, more transmissible variant is about to appearโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ ืื—ืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืง ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข --
00:18
Delta.
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ื“ืœืชื.
00:19
What happens when two variants clash?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื?
00:22
Letโ€™s do a thought experiment.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
00:24
Suppose that the variants reach a hypothetical isolated city
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
00:28
of 1 million people who are completely susceptible to both viruses
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
00:31
on the same day.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
00:33
When a person here is infected with Alpha, they transmit it to,
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืคื” ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืืœืคื, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•,
00:37
on average, 5 close contacts,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืœ 5 ืงืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:40
then begin to feel sick and immediately isolate themselves
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
00:43
for the rest of the simulation.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”.
00:45
The same thing happens with Delta,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ื“ืœืชื,
00:47
except that an infected person transmits it to, on average, 7.5 close contacts.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืฉืื“ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœ 7.5 ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:53
What would you guess happens next?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš?
00:56
After six days, Alpha will have infected 15,625 people.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืืœืคื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง 15,625 ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:01
Delta will have infected more than 10 times as many.
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ื“ืœืชื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 10.
01:05
Just 20 hours later, Delta will have infected the rest of the populationโ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ 20 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื“ืœืชื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” --
01:10
all before Alpha could infect 6% of it.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืœืคื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง 6% ืžืžื ื”.
01:13
With no one left to infect, Alpha dies out.
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ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง, ืืœืคื ื ืขืœื.
01:17
This model is drastically simplified,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
01:19
but it accurately reflects one thing that did happen in real life:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืŸ ืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื:
01:24
when both variants competed,
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ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•,
01:25
Delta drove Alpha towards extinction in a matter of weeks.
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ื“ืœืชื ื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ืืœืคื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
01:29
Viruses are wildly successful organisms.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:32
There are about 100 million times as many virus particles on Earth
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:37
as there are stars in the observable universe.
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ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื”.
01:41
Even so, viruses can and do go extinct.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
01:45
There are three main ways that can happen.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
01:48
First, a virus could run out of hosts.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื.
01:51
This might have happened in early 2020 to a flu lineage known as B/Yamagata.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2020 ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื› B/Yamagata.
01:57
When much of the world shut down, social distanced, and wore masks
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืกื’ืจ, ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืฉืช ืžืกื›ื•ืช
02:01
to slow the spread of COVID 19,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”,
02:03
that dramatically reduced the number of hosts available for B/Yamagata to infect.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ B/Yamagata ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง.
02:08
Itโ€™ll take a few more flu seasons to know for sure
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ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
02:11
if itโ€™s truly extinct or just hiding out in an animal reservoir.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืขืœื ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:15
Many viruses, as part of their life cycle,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:17
cause diseases severe enough to kill their hosts.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžืืจื—ื™ื.
02:21
This can be a problem because if a virus kills all its hosts,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืืจื—ื™ื•,
02:25
it couldโ€” in theoryโ€” run out of hosts to infect and go extinct.
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” -- ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืžืจ ืœื• ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื—ื“.
02:29
This almost happened back in 1950s Australia.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50 ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
02:34
At the time, Australia was overrun by the European rabbitโ€” an invasive speciesโ€”
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื -- ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉ --
02:40
so, in an attempt to control the population,
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ืื–, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
02:42
scientists released a virus called myxoma,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื™ืงืกื•ืžื”,
02:45
which had been previously shown to be almost 100% lethal to European rabbits.
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ืฉื”ืจืื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ 100% ืœืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช.
02:51
During the initial outbreak,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
02:52
as planned, tens, perhaps hundreds, of millions of European rabbits died.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•.
02:57
But as the virus spread, it evolved a series of mutations
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืชืคืฉื˜, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
03:01
that happened to make it less deadly,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
03:03
killing rabbits more slowly and killing fewer rabbits overall.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ ืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
03:08
With more infected hosts hopping around,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ืฉืžืงืคืฆื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
03:10
this strain of the virus was more likely to spread than its deadlier cousin.
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ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:15
And of course, rabbits evolved too, to mount better immune responses.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•, ืœืคืชื— ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:20
Overall, instead of killing every single rabbit,
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืœ ืืจื ื‘ืช,
03:23
the virus evolved, the rabbit population bounced back,
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืชืคืชื—, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
03:26
and both survived.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืจื“ื•.
03:28
The second way a virus could go extinct
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“
03:31
is if humans fight back with an effective vaccineโ€”
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ื”ื™ื ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื --
03:34
and win.
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ื•ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื.
03:35
Vaccination campaigns have driven two viruses essentially to extinction
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืฉื ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
03:39
since vaccines were invented in the 1800s:
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19:
03:42
smallpox and rinderpest, which kills cattle.
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ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจ.
03:46
More on vaccination later.
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ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
03:48
The third way a virus can go extinct is if itโ€™s outcompeted
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ื“
03:51
by another virus or strain,
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ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื• ื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ,
03:53
like we saw earlier with Delta and Alpha.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื“ืœืชื ื•ืืœืคื.
03:56
By the way, viruses don't always compete with each other.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:59
A viral species can carve out its own distinct nicheโ€”
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ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื ื™ืฉื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช --
04:02
for example, influenza infects your respiratory tract,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืคืขืช ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื,
04:05
and norovirus infects cells in your intestine,
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ื•ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:09
so both of these viruses can co-exist.
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ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
04:12
A virusโ€™ ecological niche can be tiny:
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ื”ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื”:
04:15
hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses can infect the same cellโ€”
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ื”ืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืก B ื•ื”ืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืก C ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ื --
04:20
hep B occupies the nucleus, and hep C occupies the cytoplasm.
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ื”ืค B ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืค C ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื”.
04:25
In fact, epidemiologists estimate that 2 to 10% of people with hep C
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉ 2 ืขื“ 10% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืค C
04:30
are also infected with hep B.
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ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ ื”ืค B.
04:33
So, will SARS-CoV-2โ€”
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืกืืจืก-ืงื•ื‘-2
04:35
the species of virus that causes COVID 19โ€”
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื•ืจื•ื ื” --
04:38
ever go extinct?
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ื™ื›ื—ื“?
04:40
Variants within the species will continue to arise.
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ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
04:44
Those variants might drive prior ones to extinction, or not.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื“ื—ืคื• ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ืื• ืœื.
04:47
Regardless of how the variants compete (or donโ€™t),
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื (ืื• ืœื),
04:50
the species itselfโ€” to which all the variants belongโ€”
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ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื -- ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื --
04:54
is pretty firmly established among humans.
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ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:57
If we managed to vaccinate enough people, could we drive SARS-CoV-2 to extinction?
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ืกืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช SARS-CoV-2 ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”?
05:02
Our vaccination campaign against smallpox worked
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื“
05:05
because the vaccine was highly protective against infection
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
05:08
and smallpox had no close animal reservoir in which it could hide.
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ื•ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื’ืจ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื.
05:13
But SARS-CoV-2 can hide out in animals,
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ืื‘ืœ SARS-CoV-2 ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:16
and our current vaccinesโ€”
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• --
05:17
while they provide excellent protection against severe illness and deathโ€”
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช --
05:21
don't prevent all infections.
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ืœื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
05:24
So, conceivably there are two ways that SARS-CoV-2โ€”
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ืื–, ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ SARS-CoV-2 --
05:28
the entire speciesโ€” could go extinct:
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ -- ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“:
05:31
a cataclysmic disaster could kill us all.
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ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืกื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:34
Or...
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ืื•...
05:35
We could invent a universal vaccine that prevents all SARS-CoV-2 infectionsโ€”
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช SARS-CoV-2
05:40
those caused by all the variants that currently exist and those that donโ€™t.
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ืืœื• ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืืœื• ืฉืœื.
05:45
Let's work toward that second option.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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