Why should you read Kurt Vonnegut? - Mia Nacamulli

1,400,822 views ใƒป 2018-11-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shlomo Adam
00:06
Billy Pilgrim canโ€™t sleep
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื™ืœื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ
00:08
because he knows aliens will arrive to abduct him in one hour.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื”.
00:13
He knows the aliens are coming because he has become โ€œunstuckโ€ in time,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœ"ืœื ืชืงื•ืข" ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
00:18
causing him to experience events out of chronological order.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
00:23
Over the course of Kurt Vonnegutโ€™s Slaughterhouse-five,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืžืฉ" ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜,
00:27
he hops back and forth between a childhood trip to the Grand Canyon,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ,
00:31
his life as a middle-aged optometrist,
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ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื•,
00:34
his captivity in an intergalactic zoo,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงื˜ื™,
00:37
the humiliations he endured as a war prisoner, and more.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ืขื•ื“.
00:42
The title of Slaughterhouse-five and much of its source material
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ื”ืฉื "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืžืฉ" ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ
00:45
came from Vonnegutโ€™s own experiences in World War II.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:49
As a prisoner of war, he lived in a former slaughterhouse in Dresden,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ,
00:54
where he took refuge in an underground meat locker
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžื—ืกื” ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™
00:57
while Allied forces bombed the city.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:00
When he and the other prisoners finally emerged,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื—ื• ืžืฉื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
01:03
they found Dresden utterly demolished.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื“ืจื–ื“ืŸ ื ื”ืจืกื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:07
After the war, Vonnegut tried to make sense of human behavior
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:10
by studying an unusual aspect of anthropology:
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”:
01:14
the shapes of stories,
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:15
which he insisted were just as interesting as the shapes of pots or spearheads.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช.
01:21
To find the shape, he graphed the main characterโ€™s fortune
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžื–ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
01:24
from the beginning to the end of a story.
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ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:27
The zany curves he generated revealed common types of fairy tales and myths
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ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื
01:32
that echo through many cultures.
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ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:34
But this shape can be the most interesting of all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžื›ืœ.
01:38
In a story like this,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
01:40
itโ€™s impossible to distinguish the characterโ€™s good fortune from the bad.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช.
01:44
Vonnegut thought this kind of story was the truest to real life,
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ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:48
in which we are all the victims of a series of accidents,
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ื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช,
01:51
unable to predict how events will impact us long term.
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ืฉืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
01:55
He found the tidy, satisfying arcs of many stories at odds with this reality,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื•,
02:01
and he set out to explore the ambiguity
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
02:03
between good and bad fortune in his own work.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœื•.
02:06
When Vonnegut ditched clear-cut fortunes,
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ื›ืฉื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจ,
02:09
he also abandoned straightforward chronology.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
02:12
Instead of proceeding tidily from beginning to end, in his stories
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ืžื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•
02:16
โ€œAll moments, past, present and future always have existed, always will exist.โ€
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"ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื."
02:23
Tralfamadorians, the aliens who crop up in many of his books,
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ื”ื˜ืจืœืคืžื“ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื•,
02:27
see all moments at once.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
02:30
They โ€œcan see where each star has been and where it is going,
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ื”ื "ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš,
02:33
so that the heavens are filled with rarefied, luminous spaghetti.โ€
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกืคื’ื˜ื™ ื“ืœื™ืœ ื•ืžืื™ืจ."
02:38
But although they can see all of time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:40
they donโ€™t try to change the course of events.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
02:43
While the Trafalmadorians may be at peace with their lack of agency,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจืคืœืžื“ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:47
Vonnegutโ€™s human characters are still getting used to it.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื’ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื”.
02:51
In The Sirens of Titan,
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ื‘"ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ",
02:53
when they seek the meaning of life in the vastness of the universe,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:57
they find nothing but โ€œempty heroics, low comedy, and pointless death.โ€
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ "ื”ืจื•ืื™ืงื” ืจื™ืงื”, ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช."
03:02
Then, from their vantage point within a โ€œchrono-synclastic infundibulum,โ€
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ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš "ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืกื™ื ืงืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ื,"
03:07
a man and his dog see devastating futures for their earthly counterparts,
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ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืืจืฆื ื™ื,
03:12
but canโ€™t change the course of events.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
03:15
Though there arenโ€™t easy answers available, they eventually conclude
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืงืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
03:18
that the purpose of life is โ€œto love whoever is around to be loved.โ€
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ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื "ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ."
03:23
In Catโ€™s Cradle, Vonnegutโ€™s characters turn to a different source of meaning:
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ื‘"ืขืจื™ืกืช ื—ืชื•ืœ", ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช:
03:28
Bokonism,
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ื”ื‘ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื–ื,
03:29
a religion based on harmless lies that all its adherents recognize as lies.
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ื“ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฉืงืจื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืฉืงืจื™ื.
03:35
Though theyโ€™re aware of Bokonismโ€™s lies,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื–ื,
03:38
they live their lives by these tenets anyway,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืคื™ื”,
03:40
and in so doing develop some genuine hope.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
03:44
They join together in groups called Karasses, which consist of people we
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ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช "ื˜ื ืจื‘", ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
03:48
โ€œfind by accident but [โ€ฆ] stick with by choiceโ€โ€”
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"ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื‘ืœ... ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ---
03:51
cosmically linked around a shared purpose.
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
03:54
These are not to be confused with Granfalloons,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืœ"ืืจืžืœื•ื ื™ื",
03:57
groups of people who appoint significance to actually meaningless associations,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
04:02
like where you grew up, political parties, and even entire nations.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ืœืชื, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
04:08
Though he held a bleak view of the human condition, Vonnegut believed strongly that
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“
04:12
โ€œwe are all here to help each other get through this thing, whatever it is."
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"ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”."
04:17
We might get pooped and demoralized,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžื“ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:19
but Vonnegut interspersed his grim assessments
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืคื™ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•
04:22
with more than a few morsels of hope.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
04:25
His fictional alter ego, Kilgore Trout, supplied this parable:
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ื”ืืœื˜ืจ-ืื’ื• ืฉืœื•, ืงื™ืœื’ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืื•ื˜, ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”:
04:30
two yeast sat โ€œdiscussing the possible purposes of life
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• "ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
04:34
as they ate sugar and suffocated in their own excrement.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ื ื—ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
04:39
Because of their limited intelligence,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:41
they never came close to guessing that they were making champagne.โ€
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืคื ื™ื”."
04:46
In spite of his insistence that weโ€™re all here to fart around,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืฉืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืœื™ืฅ,
04:49
in spite of his deep concerns about the course of human existence,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
04:53
Vonnegut also advanced the possibility, however slim,
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ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืงื™ื“ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืœื•ืฉื”,
04:57
that we might end up making something good.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:00
And if that isnโ€™t nice, what is?
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืžื“, ืžื” ื›ืŸ?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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