The imaginary king who changed the real world - Matteo Salvadore

1,379,230 views ใƒป 2020-03-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In 1165, copies of a strange letter began to circulate throughout Western Europe.
0
6824
7216
ื‘1165, ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:14
It spoke of a fantastical realm,
1
14040
2460
ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ื” ืงืกื•ืžื”,
00:16
containing the Tower of Babel and the Fountain of Youthโ€”
2
16500
3790
ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื --
00:20
all ruled over by the letterโ€™s mysterious author: Prester John.
3
20290
5326
ื›ื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™: ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ.
00:25
Today, we know that this extraordinary king never existed.
4
25616
4539
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
00:30
But the legend of this mythical kingdom and its powerful ruler
5
30155
3670
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืœื›ื” ืื’ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื–ืง
00:33
would impact the decisions of European leaders for the next 400 years.
6
33825
6332
ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘-400 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
00:40
Prester Johnโ€™s myth would propel the age of exploration,
7
40157
4362
ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช,
00:44
inspire intercontinental diplomacy, and indirectly begin a civil war.
8
44519
7421
ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
00:51
When Prester Johnโ€™s letter appeared, Europe was embroiled in the Crusades.
9
51940
4968
ืฉื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘.
00:56
In this series of religious wars,
10
56908
2210
ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื“ืช,
00:59
Europeans campaigned to seize what they regarded as the Christian Holy Land.
11
59118
6227
ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืืคื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช "ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช" ืœื˜ืขื ืชื.
01:05
The Church vilified any faith outside of Christianity,
12
65345
3576
ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ืช ืื—ืจืช,
01:08
including that of the Jewish and Muslim communities populating the region.
13
68921
4750
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
01:13
Crusaders were eager to find Christian kingdoms to serve as allies in their war.
14
73671
5985
ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืฉืืคื• ืœืื—ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื.
01:19
And they were particularly interested in rumors of a powerful Christian king
15
79656
4623
ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืœืš ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ื–ืง
01:24
who had defeated an enormous Muslim army in the Far East.
16
84279
4952
ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืก ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
01:29
In fact, it was a Mongol horde including converted Christian tribes
17
89231
4681
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ืฆืจื•
01:33
that had routed the army.
18
93912
1710
ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื–ื”.
01:35
But news of this victory traveled unreliably.
19
95622
3650
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก.
01:39
Merchants and emissaries filled gaps in the story
20
99272
3310
ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
01:42
with epic poems and Biblical fragments.
21
102582
3360
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชื "ืš.
01:45
By the time the story reached Europe,
22
105942
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
01:47
the Mongol horde had been replaced with a great Christian army,
23
107942
4245
ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืขืฆื•ื,
01:52
commanded by a king who shared the Crusaderโ€™s vision
24
112187
3310
ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘
01:55
of marching on Jerusalem.
25
115504
2440
ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
01:57
And when a letter allegedly written by this so-called โ€œPrester Johnโ€ appeared,
26
117944
5455
ื•ื›ืฉืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ืื•ืชื• "ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ" ื”ื•ืคื™ืข,
02:03
European rulers were thrilled.
27
123399
3210
ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื.
02:06
While the letterโ€™s actual author remains unknown,
28
126609
3220
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•,
02:09
its stereotypes about the East and alignment with European goals
29
129829
4241
ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช
02:14
indicate it was a Western forgery.
30
134070
2760
ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
02:16
But despite the letterโ€™s obvious origins as European propaganda,
31
136830
4437
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช,
02:21
the appeal of Prester Johnโ€™s myth was too great for the Crusaders to ignore.
32
141267
5848
ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ.
02:27
Before long,
33
147115
1090
ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”,
02:28
European mapmakers were guessing the location of his mythical kingdom.
34
148205
5455
ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืžืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช.
02:33
In the 13th and 14th centuries, European missionaries went East,
35
153660
4961
ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-13 ื•ื”-14, ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ืกืขื• ืžื–ืจื—ื”,
02:38
along the newly revived Silk Road.
36
158621
3134
ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
02:41
They werenโ€™t searching for the letterโ€™s author,
37
161755
2430
ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘,
02:44
who would have been over a century old; but rather, for his descendants.
38
164185
4768
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื•.
02:48
The title of Prester John was briefly identified
39
168953
3440
ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื”
02:52
with several Central Asian rulers,
40
172393
2670
ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”,
02:55
but it soon became clear that the Mongols were largely non-Christian.
41
175063
4670
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื.
02:59
And as their Empire began to decline,
42
179733
2350
ื•ืขื ื ืกื™ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:02
Europeans began pursuing alternate routes to the Far East,
43
182083
3850
ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
03:05
and new clues to Prester Johnโ€™s location.
44
185933
3330
ื•ืจืžื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ.
03:09
At the same time these explorers went south,
45
189263
2626
ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื™ืขืชื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช,
03:11
Ethiopian pilgrims began traveling north.
46
191889
4000
ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื’ืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
03:15
In Rome, these visitors quickly attracted the interest
47
195889
3260
ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื
03:19
of European scholars and cartographers.
48
199149
3480
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืžืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื.
03:22
Since Ethiopia had been converted to Christianity in the 4th century,
49
202629
4271
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืชื ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
03:26
the stories of their African homeland fit perfectly into Prester Johnโ€™s legend.
50
206900
5506
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ื™ืคื” ืœืื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ.
03:32
Portuguese explorers scoured Africa for the kingdom,
51
212406
3500
ืžื’ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื™ื ื—ืจืฉื• ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”,
03:35
until a mix of confusion and diplomacy finally turned myth into reality.
52
215906
6086
ืขื“ ืฉืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
03:41
The Ethiopians graciously received their European guests,
53
221992
4000
ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื,
03:45
who were eager to do business with the ruler
54
225992
2504
ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜
03:48
they believed to be Prester John.
55
228496
2200
ืฉื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ.
03:50
Though the Ethiopians were initially confused by the Portugueseโ€™s
56
230696
3601
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื
03:54
unusual name for their Emperor,
57
234297
2096
ืžื”ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:56
they were savvy enough to recognize the diplomatic capital it afforded them.
58
236393
5229
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื.
04:01
The Ethiopian diplomats played the part of Prester Johnโ€™s subjects,
59
241622
4702
ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ,
04:06
and the Portuguese triumphantly announced an alliance with the fabled sovereignโ€”
60
246324
5023
ื•ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช --
04:11
over 350 years after the European letter had begun the search.
61
251347
6013
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-350 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ.
04:17
But this long-awaited partnership was quickly tested.
62
257360
3760
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื” ืฆื™ืคื• ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
04:21
A decade later, the Sultanate of Adal,
63
261120
3040
ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื– ืขื“ืืœ,
04:24
a regional power supported by the Ottoman Empire, invaded Ethiopia.
64
264160
5156
ืžืขืฆืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื ื”ื ืชื” ืžืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชืžื ื™ืช, ืคืœืฉื” ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
04:29
The Portuguese sent troops that helped Ethiopians win this conflict.
65
269316
4725
ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.
04:34
But by this time,
66
274041
1110
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–,
04:35
it was clear that Ethiopia was not the powerful ally Europe had hoped.
67
275151
5158
ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืงื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื”.
04:40
Worse still, the increasingly intolerant Roman Catholic Church
68
280309
4346
ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช
04:44
now deemed the Ethiopian sect of Christianity heretical.
69
284655
4430
ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ ื›ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื.
04:49
Their subsequent attempts to convert the people
70
289085
2290
ืžืืžืฆื™ื” ืœื ืฆืจ ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:51
they once revered as ideal Christians
71
291375
2510
ืฉืคืขื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช
04:53
would eventually spark a civil war,
72
293885
2630
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
04:56
and in the 1630s, Ethiopia cut ties with Europe.
73
296515
4207
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17, ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื ื™ืชืงื” ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ื” ืขื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
05:00
Over the next two centuries,
74
300722
1796
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
05:02
the legend of Prester John slowly faded into oblivionโ€”
75
302518
4510
ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืจืกื˜ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื ืขืœืžื” --
05:07
ending the reign of a king who made history despite having never existed.
76
307028
5420
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืงืฅ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7