The imaginary king who changed the real world - Matteo Salvadore

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2020-03-19 ・ TED-Ed


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The imaginary king who changed the real world - Matteo Salvadore

1,342,763 views ・ 2020-03-19

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yiseul Ko κ²€ν† : YoonJu Mangione
00:06
In 1165, copies of a strange letter began to circulate throughout Western Europe.
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1165λ…„, μˆ˜μƒν•œ νŽΈμ§€μ˜ 볡사본이 μ„œμœ λŸ½μ— λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
It spoke of a fantastical realm,
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이 νŽΈμ§€λŠ” 바벨탑과 젊음의 μƒ˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ”
00:16
containing the Tower of Babel and the Fountain of Youthβ€”
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ν™˜μƒμ μΈ 왕ꡭ에 λŒ€ν•΄ 쓰여진 νŽΈμ§€μ˜€μ£ .
00:20
all ruled over by the letter’s mysterious author: Prester John.
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λͺ¨λ“  것은 μ‹ λΉ„ν•œ νŽΈμ§€μ˜ μ €μž, ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴에 μ˜ν•΄ μ§€λ°°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
Today, we know that this extraordinary king never existed.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 κΈ°μ΄ν•œ 왕이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œ 적 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
But the legend of this mythical kingdom and its powerful ruler
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 신화같은 μ™•κ΅­κ³Ό κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ™•μ˜ 전섀은
00:33
would impact the decisions of European leaders for the next 400 years.
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뒀이은 400λ…„ κ°„ 유럽의 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ˜ 결정에 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
Prester John’s myth would propel the age of exploration,
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ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴의 μ‹ ν™”λŠ” νƒν—˜μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό μΆ”μ§„μ‹œμΌ°μœΌλ©°
00:44
inspire intercontinental diplomacy, and indirectly begin a civil war.
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λŒ€λ₯™ κ°„ 외ꡐλ₯Ό κ³ λ¬΄ν•˜κ³  κ°„μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 내전을 μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
When Prester John’s letter appeared, Europe was embroiled in the Crusades.
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ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴의 νŽΈμ§€κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μ„ λ‹Ήμ‹œ μœ λŸ½μ€ μ‹­μžκ΅° μ „μŸμ— νœ˜λ§λ €μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
In this series of religious wars,
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연달은 μ’…κ΅μ „μŸμ—μ„œ
00:59
Europeans campaigned to seize what they regarded as the Christian Holy Land.
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μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ€ κΈ°λ…κ΅μ˜ μ„±μ§€λ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” 곳을 μž₯μ•…ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
The Church vilified any faith outside of Christianity,
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κ΅νšŒλŠ” 기독ꡐ μ™Έμ™Έμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  신앙을 λΉ„λ°©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
including that of the Jewish and Muslim communities populating the region.
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κ·Έ 지역에 κ±°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” μœ λŒ€μΈκ³Ό 무슬림 곡동체듀을 ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œμš”.
01:13
Crusaders were eager to find Christian kingdoms to serve as allies in their war.
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μ‹­μžκ΅°μ€ μ „μŸμ—μ„œ 동맹이 λ˜μ–΄ 쀄 기독ꡐ 왕ꡭ을 μ°ΎλŠ” 데 ν˜ˆμ•ˆμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
And they were particularly interested in rumors of a powerful Christian king
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그리고 λ¨Ό λ™μ–‘μ—μ„œ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 무슬림 κ΅°λŒ€λ₯Ό λ¬΄μ°”λ €λ‹€λŠ”
01:24
who had defeated an enormous Muslim army in the Far East.
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μ–΄λŠ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 기독ꡐ인 왕에 λŒ€ν•΄ 특히 관심이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
In fact, it was a Mongol horde including converted Christian tribes
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사싀 무슬림 κ΅°λŒ€λ₯Ό νŒ¨λ°°μ‹œν‚¨ 것은 κ°œμ’…ν•œ 기독ꡐ 뢀쑱듀을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
01:33
that had routed the army.
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λͺ½κ³¨μ˜ κ΅°λ‹¨μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
But news of this victory traveled unreliably.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 승리 μ†Œμ‹μ€ μ‹ λΉ™μ„± 없이 νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Merchants and emissaries filled gaps in the story
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상인듀과 밀사듀은 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ 빈 뢀뢄을
01:42
with epic poems and Biblical fragments.
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μ„œμ‚¬μ‹œμ™€ μ„±μ„œμ˜ 쑰각으둜 μ±„μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
By the time the story reached Europe,
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이야기가 μœ λŸ½μ— λ‹Ώμ•˜μ„ μ―€μ—λŠ”
01:47
the Mongol horde had been replaced with a great Christian army,
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λͺ½κ³¨ ꡰ단은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 기독ꡐ κ΅°λŒ€λ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
01:52
commanded by a king who shared the Crusader’s vision
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κ΅°λŒ€λ₯Ό μ§€νœ˜ν•˜λŠ” 왕은 μ˜ˆλ£¨μ‚΄λ ˜μœΌλ‘œ μ „μ§„ν•˜λŠ” 이상을
01:55
of marching on Jerusalem.
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μ‹­μžκ΅°κ³Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” 왕이 λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
And when a letter allegedly written by this so-called β€œPrester John” appeared,
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"ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° μ‘΄"에 μ˜ν•΄ μ“°μ—¬μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯λ˜λŠ” 이 νŽΈμ§€κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μž
02:03
European rulers were thrilled.
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유럽의 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ μ•„μ£Ό 신이 λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
While the letter’s actual author remains unknown,
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κ·Έ νŽΈμ§€μ˜ μ§„μ§œ μ €μžκ°€ λˆ„κ΅°μ§€λŠ” λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:09
its stereotypes about the East and alignment with European goals
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νŽΈμ§€μ— λ‹΄κΈ΄ 동양에 λŒ€ν•œ 편견과 유럽의 λͺ©ν‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ§€λŠ”
02:14
indicate it was a Western forgery.
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μ„œμ–‘μ—μ„œ λ‚ μ‘°λλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•”μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
But despite the letter’s obvious origins as European propaganda,
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νŽΈμ§€μ˜ 유럽의 ν”„λ‘œνŒŒκ°„λ‹€λ‘œμ„œμ˜ λΆ„λͺ…ν•œ λͺ©μ μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
02:21
the appeal of Prester John’s myth was too great for the Crusaders to ignore.
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μ‹­μžκ΅°μ΄ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° μ‘΄ μ‹ ν™”μ˜ 맀λ ₯이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λŒ€λ‹¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Before long,
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λ¨Έμ§€μ•Šμ•„
02:28
European mapmakers were guessing the location of his mythical kingdom.
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유럽의 지도 μ œμž‘μžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ μ‹ ν™” 속 μ™•κ΅­μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
In the 13th and 14th centuries, European missionaries went East,
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13세기와 14세기에 유럽의 선ꡐ사듀은 λ˜μ‚΄μ•„λ‚œ μ‹€ν¬λ‘œλ“œλ₯Ό λ”°λΌμ„œ
02:38
along the newly revived Silk Road.
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동μͺ½μ„ ν–₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
They weren’t searching for the letter’s author,
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그듀은 이미 λ°± 살은 훨씬 λ˜μ—ˆμ„ νŽΈμ§€μ˜ μ €μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:44
who would have been over a century old; but rather, for his descendants.
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그의 μžμ†λ“€μ„ μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚˜μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
The title of Prester John was briefly identified
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ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° μ‘΄μ΄λΌλŠ” λͺ…칭은 μž κΉλ™μ•ˆ
02:52
with several Central Asian rulers,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€λ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
but it soon became clear that the Mongols were largely non-Christian.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 곧 λͺ½κ³¨μΈλ“€μ€ λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ 기독ꡐ가 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 게 λ°ν˜€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
And as their Empire began to decline,
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제ꡭ이 μ‡ ν‡΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μž
03:02
Europeans began pursuing alternate routes to the Far East,
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μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ€ λ¨Ό λ™μ–‘κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 경둜의 λŒ€μ•ˆμ„ μ°ΎκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
and new clues to Prester John’s location.
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그리고 ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴의 μœ„μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‹¨μ„œλ„ 말이죠.
03:09
At the same time these explorers went south,
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이 νƒν—˜κ°€λ“€μ΄ 남μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ ν–₯ν•œ 같은 μ‹œκΈ°μ—
03:11
Ethiopian pilgrims began traveling north.
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μ˜ μˆœλ‘€μžλ“€μ€ 뢁μͺ½μ„ ν–₯ν•΄ μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
In Rome, these visitors quickly attracted the interest
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λ‘œλ§ˆμ—μ„œ 이 λ°©λ¬Έμžλ“€μ€ κΈˆμ„Έ 유럽의 ν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό μ§€λ„μ œμž‘μžλ“€μ˜
03:19
of European scholars and cartographers.
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ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό λŒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
Since Ethiopia had been converted to Christianity in the 4th century,
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„λŠ” 4μ„ΈκΈ° κ²½ κΈ°λ…κ΅λ‘œ κ°œμ’…ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:26
the stories of their African homeland fit perfectly into Prester John’s legend.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 아프리카 λŒ€λ₯™ κ³ ν–₯의 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴의 μ „μ„€κ³Ό λ§žμ•„λ–¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
03:32
Portuguese explorers scoured Africa for the kingdom,
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포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ˜ νƒμ‚¬μžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ 왕ꡭ을 찾으렀고 아프리카λ₯Ό λ’€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
until a mix of confusion and diplomacy finally turned myth into reality.
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ν˜Όλž€κ³Ό μ™Έκ΅μ˜ ν˜Όν•©λ¬Όμ΄ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό ν˜„μ‹€λ‘œ 바꿔놓을 λ•Œ κΉŒμ§€μš”.
03:41
The Ethiopians graciously received their European guests,
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μΈλ“€μ€ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ 온 μ†λ‹˜λ“€μ„ κ΄€λŒ€ν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€μ ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
who were eager to do business with the ruler
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μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ€ 그듀이 ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴이라고 믿은 μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μ˜ μ§€λ„μžμ™€
03:48
they believed to be Prester John.
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사업을 ν•˜κ³ μž μ—΄λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
03:50
Though the Ethiopians were initially confused by the Portuguese’s
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μΈλ“€μ€ μ²˜μŒμ— 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμΈλ“€μ΄
μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 왕을 μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” λ‚―μ„  이름에 ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ› μœΌλ‚˜
03:54
unusual name for their Emperor,
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03:56
they were savvy enough to recognize the diplomatic capital it afforded them.
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λ’€λ”°λΌμ˜¬ 외ꡐ적 μˆ˜μ΅μ„ 눈치챌 만큼 μ •ν†΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
The Ethiopian diplomats played the part of Prester John’s subjects,
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μ˜ 외ꡐ관듀은 ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴의 μ‹ ν•˜ 역할을 μ—°κΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
and the Portuguese triumphantly announced an alliance with the fabled sovereignβ€”
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그리고 포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμΈλ“€μ€ 350년도 λ„˜κ²Œ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό νƒμ‚¬ν•œ 끝에 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έ
04:11
over 350 years after the European letter had begun the search.
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이야기 μ†μ˜ μ™•κ³Όμ˜ 동맹을 μ˜κΈ°μ–‘μ–‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ„ ν¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
But this long-awaited partnership was quickly tested.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μž₯κΈ°κ°„ 동맹계약은 금방 μ‹œν—˜μ— λ†“μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
A decade later, the Sultanate of Adal,
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μ‹­ λ…„ ν›„, μ˜€ν† λ§Œ 제ꡭ이 μ§€μ§€ν•˜λ˜ 지역세λ ₯인 아달 μˆ νƒ„κ΅­μ΄
04:24
a regional power supported by the Ottoman Empire, invaded Ethiopia.
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„λ₯Ό μΉ¨λž΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
The Portuguese sent troops that helped Ethiopians win this conflict.
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포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆμ€ μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„κ°€ 이 λΆ„μŸμ—μ„œ 이기도둝 지원병을 λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
But by this time,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λ•Œ μ―€
04:35
it was clear that Ethiopia was not the powerful ally Europe had hoped.
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„κ°€ 유럽이 λ°”λΌλ˜ 만큼 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 동맹이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 것은 λͺ…ν™•ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
Worse still, the increasingly intolerant Roman Catholic Church
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μ„€μƒκ°€μƒμœΌλ‘œ, μ˜Ήμ‘Έν•œ 둜마의 카톨릭 κ΅νšŒλŠ”
04:44
now deemed the Ethiopian sect of Christianity heretical.
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이제 μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„μ˜ 기독ꡐλ₯Ό μ΄λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
Their subsequent attempts to convert the people
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뒀이어 ν•œ λ•Œ 이상적 κΈ°λ…κ΅μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ™κ²½λ°›λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„
04:51
they once revered as ideal Christians
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κ°œμ’…ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ‹œλ„λŠ”
04:53
would eventually spark a civil war,
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κ²°κ΅­ 내전을 μ΄‰λ°œμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
and in the 1630s, Ethiopia cut ties with Europe.
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그리고 1630λ…„λŒ€μ— μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„λŠ” 유럽과의 연합을 λŠμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Over the next two centuries,
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κ·Έ ν›„ 200여년이 흐λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ
05:02
the legend of Prester John slowly faded into oblivionβ€”
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•œ 적 μ—†μœΌλ‚˜ 역사λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  μ™•μ˜ ꡰ림을 끝내며
05:07
ending the reign of a king who made history despite having never existed.
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ν”„λ ˆμŠ€ν„° 쑴의 전섀은 μ„œμ„œνžˆ μžŠν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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