Hacking bacteria to fight cancer - Tal Danino

400,979 views ใƒป 2019-12-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:05
In 1884, a patientโ€™s luck seemed to go from bad to worse.
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ื‘ 1884, ืžื–ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ื ืจืื” ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืžืจืข ืœื’ืจื•ืข.
00:10
This patient had a rapidly growing cancer in his neck,
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ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•,
00:14
and then came down with an unrelated bacterial skin infection.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืจ.
00:18
But soon, something unexpected happened:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืงืจื”:
00:21
as he recovered from the infection, the cancer also began to recede.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงื ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ื’ื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื’ืช.
00:26
When a physician named William Coley tracked the patient down 7 years later,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ืคื ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:31
no visible signs of the cancer remained.
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ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:34
Coley believed something remarkable was happening:
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ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืคืœืื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ:
00:37
that the bacterial infection had stimulated the patientโ€™s immune system
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ืฉื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
00:41
to fight off the cancer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:43
Coleyโ€™s fortunate discovery led him to pioneer
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœื•ืฅ
00:46
the intentional injection of bacteria to successfully treat cancer.
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ื‘ื”ื–ืจืงื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:51
Over a century later, synthetic biologists have found an even better way
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ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:55
to use these once unlikely alliesโ€”
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
00:58
by programming them to safely deliver drugs directly to tumors.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืชื ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:04
Cancer occurs when normal functions of cells are altered,
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช,
01:07
causing them to rapidly multiply and form growths called tumors.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:12
Treatments like radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื• ืชืจืคื™ื”
01:16
attempt to kill malignant cells, but can affect the entire body
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:20
and disrupt healthy tissues in the process.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
01:23
However, some bacteria like E. coli
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื›ืžื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ ืงื•ืœื™
01:26
have the unique advantage of being able to selectively grow inside tumors.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:31
In fact, the core of a tumor forms an ideal environment
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช
01:35
where they can safely multiply, hidden from immune cells.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:39
Instead of causing infection,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื”,
01:41
bacteria can be reprogrammed to carry cancer-fighting drugs,
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉืืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
01:45
acting as Trojan Horses that target the tumor from within.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ ืฉืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:49
This idea of programming bacteria to sense and respond in novel ways
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
01:54
is a major focus of a field called Synthetic Biology.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช.
01:59
But how can bacteria be programmed?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชืช?
02:01
The key lies in manipulating their DNA.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื” DNA.
02:05
By inserting particular genetic sequences into bacteria,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืฆืคื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”,
02:08
they can be instructed to synthesize different molecules,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืกื ื˜ื– ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:11
including those that disrupt cancer growth.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:15
They can also be made to behave in very specific ways
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
02:18
with the help of biological circuits.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
02:20
These program different behaviors depending on the presence, absence,
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ืืœื” ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืขื“ืจื•ืช,
02:25
or combination of certain factors.
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ืื• ื”ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:27
For example, tumors have low oxygen and pH levels
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช
02:31
and over-produce specific molecules.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
02:34
Synthetic biologists can program bacteria to sense those conditions,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:39
and by doing so, respond to tumors while avoiding healthy tissue.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:44
One type of biological circuit,
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืœื™ืกื™ืก ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื, ืื• SLC,
02:46
known as a synchronized lysis circuit, or SLC,
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02:50
allows bacteria to not only deliver medicine,
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:53
but to do so on a set schedule.
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02:55
First, to avoid harming healthy tissue,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
02:58
production of anti-cancer drugs begins as bacteria grow,
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช,
03:02
which only happens within the tumor itself.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:05
Next, after theyโ€™ve produced the drugs,
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
03:07
a kill-switch causes the bacteria to burst
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ืžืชื’ ื”ืจื’ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืงืข
03:10
when they reach a critical population threshold.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกืฃ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
03:14
This both releases the medicine and decreases the bacteriaโ€™s population.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:18
However, a certain percentage of the bacteria remain alive
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™
03:22
to replenish the colony.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
03:24
Eventually their numbers grow large enough to trigger the kill switch again,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืžืชื’ ื”ื”ืจื’ ืฉื•ื‘,
03:28
and the cycle continues.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
03:30
This circuit can be fine-tuned to deliver drugs
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช
03:33
on whatever periodic schedule is best to fight the cancer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช.
03:37
This approach has proven promising in scientific trials using mice.
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:42
Not only were scientists able to successfully eliminate lymphoma tumors
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื”
03:46
injected with bacteria,
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ืฉืžื•ื–ืจืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ื”ื–ืจืงื” ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
03:48
but the injection also stimulated the immune system,
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03:51
priming immune cells to identify and attack untreated lymphomas
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ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื” ื”ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช
03:55
elsewhere in the mouse.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ.
03:57
Unlike many other therapies,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื˜ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:59
bacteria donโ€™t target a specific type of cancer,
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04:02
but rather the general characteristics shared by all solid tumors.
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ืืœื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื.
04:07
Nor are programmable bacteria limited to simply fighting cancer.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื•ืช ื’ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
04:12
Instead, they can serve as sophisticated sensors
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ืืœื, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ืœืื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
04:14
that monitor sites of future disease.
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ืฉืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:17
Safe probiotic bacteria could perhaps lie dormant within our guts,
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:22
where theyโ€™d detect, prevent, and treat disorders
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื•ืช, ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช
04:25
before they have the chance to cause symptoms.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
04:28
Advances in technology have created excitement around a future
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
04:31
of personalized medicine driven by mechanical nanobots.
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ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื ื• ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื.
04:35
But thanks to billions of years of evolution
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
04:38
we may already have a starting point
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื”
04:40
in the unexpectedly biological form of bacteria.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:44
Add synthetic biology to the mix,
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ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื”,
04:46
and who knows what might soon be possible.
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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