What is leukemia? - Danilo Allegra and Dania Puggioni

1,091,743 views ใƒป 2015-04-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Yifat Adler
00:06
Despite advances in medicine,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
00:09
cancer remains one of the most frightening diagnoses patients can receive.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ืื—ืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:14
What makes it so difficult to cure is that it's not one illness,
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืช,
00:18
but a family of over 100 diseases occurring in different types of cells.
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ืืœื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
00:23
And one type of cancer has the unfortunate distinction
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ
00:26
of afflicting children more than any other type.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
00:29
This is leukemia,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืงืžื™ื”,
00:31
a cancer that begins in stem cells found in the bone marrow.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื.
00:35
A stem cell is a bit like an infant,
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ืชื ื’ื–ืข ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง.
00:38
undeveloped but possessing great potential.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืคื•ืชื— ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื“ื™ืจ.
00:41
Many stem cells specialize and become cells of organs,
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื,
00:44
like the liver, brain and heart.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื‘ื“, ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืœื‘.
00:47
But in some tissues,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืจืงืžื•ืช
00:49
they can continue to divide into new stem cells throughout development,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื
00:52
and into adulthood in order to frequently generate new cells
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
00:57
and keep up with the body's needs.
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:59
One example is the bone marrow,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื,
01:01
where stem cells differentiate into many types of blood cells.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืชืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื.
01:05
That includes red blood cells,
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ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
01:07
which carry oxygen from the lungs to all tissues,
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช,
01:10
platelets, which help stop bleeding by sticking to damaged blood vessels,
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ื˜ืกื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื,
01:14
and white blood cells,
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ื•ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
01:16
which patrol the body, destroying potentially harmful invaders.
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ืฉืžืคื˜ืจืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง.
01:20
Every once in a while,
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
01:21
something goes wrong during a stem cell's specialization process
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื’ื–ืข,
01:25
and harmful mutations occur in the cell's DNA.
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ื•ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.
01:28
Cells with compromised DNA are supposed to self-destruct,
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ืชืื™ื ืขื DNA ืคื’ื•ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
01:32
but some damaged cells ignore this order,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ืจืื”,
01:34
replicating uncontrollably, even as they lose their original function.
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ื•ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
01:39
These are what we know as cancer cells.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:42
It is not yet clear why leukemia is the most common childhood cancer,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:46
but one contributing factor may be
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืชื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื
01:48
that leukemias are often caused by just one or two DNA modifications,
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ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ DNA ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืœื•ืงืžื™ื”,
01:53
while most cancers require many of them,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:56
allowing leukemias to arise faster than other types of cancer.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:00
Moreover, some DNA alterations can occur in white blood cells
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ DNA ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
02:04
during fetal development,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:06
further increasing the risk of early leukemia.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
02:09
But though it affects more children than any other cancer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื—ืจ,
02:12
adults constitute the majority of leukemia patients overall.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
02:16
Once leukemia strikes, the damaged cells reproduce in the blood and the bone marrow
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช, ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื
02:21
until they take up all available space and resources.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
02:24
When the bone marrow can no longer produce
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ื›ืฉืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:26
the required amount of functional cells,
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ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื,
02:28
the blood becomes depleted.
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ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื“ื•ืœื“ืœ.
02:30
The lack of red blood cells
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื
02:32
means that muscles don't get enough oxygen,
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:34
the reduced number of platelets is not sufficient to repair wounds,
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ืžืกืคืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืกื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืคืฆืขื™ื,
02:38
and the dearth of functional white blood cells impairs the immune system,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:42
increasing the risk of infections.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
02:45
To restore the normal function of the blood,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
02:47
leukemic cells have to be eliminated.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืœื•ืงืžื™ื”.
02:49
But because leukemias are not solid tumors,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชืื™ ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืง,
02:52
they can't be removed surgically.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
02:54
Instead, the cells are killed inside the body using various treatments
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:58
that include chemotherapy,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
03:00
a combination of drugs that destroys quickly multiplying cells.
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:04
Unfortunately, this has the side effect of killing healthy cells,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
03:07
such as those found in hair follicles or intestines.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื• ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื.
03:11
And in some cases, the dosage required is so high
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”
03:14
that it kills all cells in the bone marrow,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื,
03:16
including stem cells.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
03:19
When this happens, the body is no longer able to create new blood cells on its own.
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ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
03:24
Fortunately, outside help can come in the form of stem cells
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคืง ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
03:28
from the bone marrow of a donor.
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ืžืžื— ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื.
03:30
Once transplanted into the patient,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:32
they rapidly repopulate the bone marrow and the blood.
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ื”ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ื•ื”ื“ื.
03:35
However, bone marrow transplants are a complicated process
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืชืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื— ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
03:38
requiring antigen compatibility between the donor and recipient
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ืœื”,
03:43
to keep the transplanted cells from from attacking the patient's own cells
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ื ืžืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•
03:46
as foreign bodies.
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ื›ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
03:48
Unlike with blood transplants,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื,
03:49
there are thousands of HLA types,
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ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ HLA,
03:51
and even siblings and close relatives may not have compatible bone marrow.
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ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื— ืขืฆื ืžืชืื™ื.
03:56
If this is the case, the search is expanded to a database
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืœืžืื’ืจ,
04:00
containing the genetic makeup of millions of voluntary bone marrow donors.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืจืžื™ ืžื— ืขืฆื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื.
04:05
The more potential donors there are,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื,
04:07
the more patients lives can be saved through successful transplants.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช.
04:11
Leukemia may be a frightening disease, but there is strength and hope in numbers.
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ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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