The Japanese folktale of the selfish scholar - Iseult Gillespie

2,416,159 views ใƒป 2020-09-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Matan Ventura
00:06
In ancient Kyoto, a devout Shinto scholar lived a simple life,
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ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื™ื ื˜ื• ืžืกื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
00:11
but he was often distracted from his prayers by the bustling city.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื— ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ืฉืช.
00:15
He felt that his neighbors were polluting his soul,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื–ื™ื”ืžื• ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื•,
00:19
and he sought to perform some kind of personal haraeโ€”
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืื™ ืื™ืฉื™ --
00:23
a purification ritual that would cleanse his body and his mind.
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ื˜ืงืก ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ืงื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื•.
00:27
He decided to travel to the revered Hie Shrine.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš.
00:31
The trip was an arduous climb that took all day.
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ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžืคืจืš ืฉืœืงื— ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:35
But he was glad for the solitude it afforded him,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื— ืžื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื•,
00:39
and the peace he felt upon returning home was profound.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
00:43
The scholar was determined to maintain this clarity for as long as possible,
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ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ,
00:48
and resolved to make this pilgrimage another 99 times.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืขื•ื“ 99 ืคืขืžื™ื.
00:53
He would walk the path alone, ignoring any distractions in his quest for balance,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืžืชืขืœื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
00:58
and never straying from his purpose.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืกื˜ื” ืžืžื˜ืจืชื•.
01:01
The man was true to his word, and as days stretched into weeks,
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžื™ืœืชื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:05
he walked through driving rain and searing sun.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ื“ืจืš ื’ืฉื ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื•ืจื›ืช.
01:09
Over time, his devotion revealed the invisible world of spirits
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช
01:13
which exists alongside our own.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื“ื ื•.
01:17
He began to sense the kami, which animated the rocks underfoot,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืืžื™, ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื•,
01:21
the breeze that cooled him, and the animals grazing in the fields.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื–ื” ืฉืงืจืจื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื›ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช.
01:26
Still he spoke to no one, spirit or human.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ืจื•ื— ืื• ืื“ื.
01:30
He was determined to avoid contact with those who had strayed
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืžื’ืข ืขื ืืœื• ืฉืกื˜ื•
01:33
from the path and become polluted with kegare.
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ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื’ืจื”.
01:37
This taboo of defilement hung over the sick and deceased,
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ื˜ืื‘ื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื,
01:42
as well as those who defiled the land or committed violent crimes.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉื—ื™ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื.
01:47
Of all of the threats to the scholarโ€™s quest for spiritual purity,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
01:51
kegare was by far the greatest.
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ืงื’ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
01:54
After paying his respects for the 80th time,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืคืขื ื” 80,
01:57
he set out for home once more.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘.
02:00
But as darkness fell, he heard strained sobs in the night air.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืฉื›ื” ื ืคืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืœื™ื™ืœื”.
02:06
The scholar tried to push forward and ignore the moans.
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ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
02:09
But the desperate cries overwhelmed him.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
02:13
Grimacing, he left his path to follow the sound to its source.
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ืžืขื•ื•ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื.
02:19
He soon came to a cramped cottage, with a woman crumpled outside.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ืขื ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:24
Filled with pity, the scholar implored the woman to share her sorrow.
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ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืžืœื”, ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื™ื’ื•ื ื”.
02:29
She explained that her mother had just diedโ€”
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ื”ืื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื” --
02:32
but no one would help her with the burial.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื–ืจ ืœื” ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”.
02:35
At that news, his heart sank.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฆื ื—.
02:38
Touching the body would defile his spirit,
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ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืชื—ืœืœ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•,
02:41
draining his life force and leaving him forsaken by the kami.
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ืชืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืงืืžื™.
02:46
But as he listened to her cries, his sympathy soared.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื›ื™ื”, ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื–ื™ื ืงื”.
02:50
And so, they buried the old woman together,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื™ื—ื“,
02:54
to ensure her safe passage into the spirit world.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
02:58
The burial was complete, but the taboo of death weighed heavily on the scholar.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“.
03:04
How could he have been so foolish,
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื™ืคืฉ,
03:06
to shirk his most important rule and corrupt his divine journey?
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ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•?
03:11
After a tormented night,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขื ื”,
03:13
he resolved to go back to the shrine to cleanse himself.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
03:18
To his surprise, the usually quiet temple was filled with people,
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ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื•, ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:23
all gathering around a medium who communicated directly with the kami.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืชืงืฉืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงืืžื™.
03:28
The man hid himself, not daring approach in case anyone glimpse his polluted soul.
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืขื– ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช.
03:35
But the medium had other ways of seeing, and called him forward from the crowd.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื•ืงืจืื” ืœื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืงื”ืœ.
03:39
Ready to be forsaken, the scholar approached the holy woman.
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ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
03:44
But the medium merely smiled.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื›ื”.
03:47
She took his impure hand in hers,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื”ืœื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื”,
03:49
and whispered a blessing only he could hearโ€”
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข --
03:53
thanking him for his kindness.
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื•.
03:55
In that moment, the scholar discovered a great spiritual secret:
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื’ื™ืœื” ืกื•ื“ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
04:00
contamination and corruption are two very different things.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:06
Filled with insight, the scholar set himself back on his journey.
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ืžืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืกืขื•.
04:11
But this time, he stopped to help those he met.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉ.
04:14
He began to see the beauty of the spirit world everywhere he went,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ืœืš,
04:18
even in the city he'd previously shunned.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืžื ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
04:21
Others cautioned that he risked kegareโ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื’ืจื” --
04:23
but he never told them why he so freely mingled
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
04:26
with the sick and disadvantaged.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
04:28
For he knew that people could only truly understand harae
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืช
04:33
through a journey of their own.
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ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžืกืข ืžืฉืœื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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