How did clouds get their names? - Richard Hamblyn

886,055 views ใƒป 2015-11-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Ravia ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
The Naming of Clouds
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื.
00:11
On a cold December evening in 1802,
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ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1802,
00:14
a nervous young man named Luke Howard
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“
00:17
stood before the assembled members of a London science club
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ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™
00:21
about to give a lecture that would change his life
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ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืช ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
00:24
and go on to change humanity's understanding of the skies.
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ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:31
Luke Howard was a pharmacist by profession,
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ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืงื— ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•,
00:33
but he was a meteorologist by inclination,
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ืืš ื‘ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:36
having been obsessed by clouds and weather since childhood.
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ื•ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœืขื ื ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:40
As a school boy, he spent hours staring out of the classroom window,
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ื›ื™ืœื“, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ,
00:44
gazing at the passing clouds.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื.
00:47
Like everyone else at the time, he had no idea how clouds formed,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื,
00:51
or how they stayed aloft.
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ืื• ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืจื—ืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”,
00:53
But he enjoyed observing their endless transformations.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:57
By his own admission, Luke paid little attention to his lessons,
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ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
01:01
but fortunately for the future of meteorology,
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:04
he managed to pick up a good knowledge of Latin.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
01:07
Compared to the other natural sciences,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉืืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:10
meteorology, the study of weather, was a late developer,
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ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ืข ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:14
mainly because weather is elusive.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื”.
01:16
You can't snap off a piece of rainbow
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ืก ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ
01:18
or a section of cloud for convenient study.
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ืื• ืคื™ืกืช ืขื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ื ื•ื—.
01:22
You can, of course, collect rain water in calibrated containers,
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื,
01:26
but all you really end up with are buckets of water.
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ืืš ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื–ื” ื“ืœื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืžื™ื.
01:30
Understanding clouds required a different approach,
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
01:33
which is where Luke Howard's idea came in.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ื— ืจืขื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“.
01:37
His simple insight based on years of observation
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
01:40
was that clouds have many individual shapes
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœืขื ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:43
but they have few basic forms.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
01:46
In fact, all clouds belong to one of three principle types
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืขื ืŸ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
01:50
to which Howard gave the names:
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ืฉื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื:
01:52
cirrus, Latin for tendril or hair,
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ืฆื™ืจื•ืก, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช - ืกื™ื‘ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช,
01:55
cumulus, heap or pile,
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ืงื•ืžื•ืœื•ืก - ืขืจื™ืžื” ืื• ื’ื‘ืขื”
01:58
and stratus, layer or sheet.
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ื•ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืก - ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื• ื™ืจื™ืขื”.
02:03
But that wasn't the clever part.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื‘ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
02:05
Clouds are constantly changing, merging, rising, falling, and spreading
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ืขื ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื, ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืžืชืคืจืกื™ื
02:10
throughout the atmosphere,
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ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:12
rarely maintaining the same shapes for more than a few minutes.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืชื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช.
02:16
Any successful naming system
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืช
02:18
had to accommodate this essential instability,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
02:21
as Howard realized.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
02:23
So, in addition to the three main cloud types,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื,
02:25
he introduced a series of intermediate and compound types
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
02:29
as a way of including the regular transitions that occur among clouds.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื.
02:36
A high, whispy cirrus cloud that descended and spread into a sheet
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ืขื ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืก ื ื•ืฆืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืฉื›ื‘ื”
02:40
was named cirrostratus,
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ื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืก
02:42
while groups of fluffy cumulus clouds that joined up and spread
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื ื ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืœื•ืก ื›ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•
02:46
were named stratocumulus.
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ื›ื•ื ื• ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืงื•ืžื•ืœื•ืก.
02:49
Howard identified seven cloud types,
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ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื ื ื™ื,
02:51
but these have since been expanded to ten,
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ืืš ืžืื– ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
02:54
cloud nine being the towering cumulonimbus thunder cloud,
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ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ืื™ืžืชื ื™ - ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืœื•ื ื™ืžื‘ื•ืก
02:58
which is probably why being on cloud nine means to be on top of the world.
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ื•ื–ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืดืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืด ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:04
Howard's classification had an immediate international impact.
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ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
03:08
The German poet and scientist J.W. von Goethe
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ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื™.ื•ื•. ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืชื”
03:12
wrote a series of poems in praise of Howard's clouds,
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ื›ืชื‘ ืกื“ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“,
03:16
which ended with the memorable lines,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช:
03:18
"As clouds ascend, are folded, scatter, fall,
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ืดื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžื™ื, ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื, ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื,
03:23
Let the world think of thee who taught it all,"
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ืืด.
03:27
while Percy Shelley also wrote a poem "The Cloud,"
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืคืจืกื™ ืฉืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ืดื”ืขื ืŸืด,
03:30
in which each of Howard's seven cloud types
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“
03:33
was characterized in turn.
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ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื•.
03:35
But perhaps the most impressive response to the naming of clouds
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ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื
03:38
was by the painter John Constable,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื’ืณื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ,
03:41
who spent two summers on Hampstead Heath painting clouds in the open air.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืกื˜ื“ ื”ื™ืชืณ.
03:46
Once they had been named and classified,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืกื•ื•ื’ื•,
03:49
clouds became easier to understand
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ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”,
03:51
as the visible signs of otherwise invisible atmospheric processes.
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ื›ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื.
03:57
Clouds write a kind of journal on the sky
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ืขื ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
04:00
that allows us to understand the circulating patterns
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
04:03
of weather and climate.
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ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:05
Perhaps the most important breakthrough in understanding clouds
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื ื ื™ื
04:08
was realizing that they are subject to the same physical laws
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื
04:12
as everything else on Earth.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:14
Clouds, for example, do not float,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฆืคื™ื,
04:16
but fall slowly under the influence of gravity.
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ืืœื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
04:20
Some of them stay aloft
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ื—ืœืงื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”
04:22
due to upward convection from the sun-heated ground,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžืขืœื”,
04:25
but most are in a state of slow, balletic descent.
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ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช.
04:29
"Clouds are the patron goddesses of idle fellows,"
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ืดืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืขืฉืด,
04:32
as the Greek dramatist Aristophanes wrote in 420 B.C.
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ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืื ืก ื‘-420 ืœืคื ื”ืดืก
04:36
and nephology, the study of clouds, remains a daydreamer's science,
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ื•ื ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ืข ื”ืขื ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ
04:41
aptly founded by a thoughtful young man
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ื•ืจื”ืจ
04:44
whose favorite activity was staring out of the window at the sky.
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ืฉื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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