The philosophy of cynicism - William D. Desmond

3,526,688 views ใƒป 2019-12-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In the 4th century BCE,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 4 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:08
a bankerโ€™s son threw the city of Sinope into scandal by counterfeiting coins.
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ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื“ื™ืจื“ืจ ืืช ืขื™ืจื•, ืกื™ื ื•ืค, ืœืกืงื ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช.
00:15
When the dust finally settled, the young man, Diogenes of Sinope,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืงืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ืžืกื™ื ื•ืค,
00:20
had been stripped of his citizenship, his money, and all his possessions.
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ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ ืžืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื•, ื›ืกืคื• ื•ื›ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื•.
00:25
At least, thatโ€™s how the story goes.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
00:29
While many of the details of Diogenesโ€™ life are shadowy,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืคืœื”,
00:32
the philosophical ideas born out of his disgrace survive today.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžื‘ื•ืฉืชื• ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:38
In exile, Diogenes decided that by rejecting the opinions of others
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ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
00:43
and societal measures of success, he could be truly free.
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ื•ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
00:48
He would live self-sufficiently, close to nature, without materialism,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืกืคืง ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช,
00:52
vanity, or conformity.
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ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ืื• ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช.
00:54
In practice, this meant he spent years wandering around Greek cities
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืจื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
00:59
with nothing but a cloak, staff, and knapsackโ€”
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ืจืง ืขื ื’ืœื™ืžื”, ืžืงืœ ื•ืชืจืžื™ืœ --
01:03
outdoors year-round, forgoing technology, baths, and cooked food.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ.
01:10
He didnโ€™t go about this new existence quietly,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืงื˜,
01:13
but is said to have teased passers-by and mocked the powerful,
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ืืœื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืขื’ ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื,
01:17
eating, urinating and even masturbating in public.
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ืื›ืœ, ื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
01:22
The citizens called him a kyรดnโ€” a barking dog.
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ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืงื™ื•ืื•ืŸ -- ื›ืœื‘ ื ื•ื‘ื—.
01:26
Though meant as an insult,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
01:28
dogs were actually a good symbol for his philosophyโ€”
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ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืžืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• --
01:32
theyโ€™re happy creatures,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื,
01:34
free from abstractions like wealth or reputation.
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ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:37
Diogenes and his growing number of followers
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ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื
01:40
became known as โ€œdog philosophers,โ€ or kynikoi,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›"ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื™ื", ืื• ืงื™ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื™,
01:45
a designation that eventually became the word โ€œCynic.โ€
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ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื™ืœื” "ืฆื™ื ื™".
01:50
These early Cynics were a carefree bunch,
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ื“ืื’ื•ืช,
01:53
drawn to the freedom of a wandering lifestyle.
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ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“.
01:56
As Diogenesโ€™ reputation grew, others tried to challenge his commitment.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ื’ื“ืœ, ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:01
Alexander the Great offered him anything he desired.
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื”.
02:04
But instead of asking for material goods,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื,
02:07
Diogenes only asked Alexander to get out of his sunshine.
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ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ืจืง ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœื–ื•ื– ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:12
After Diogenesโ€™ death,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก,
02:14
adherents to his philosophy continued to call themselves Cynics
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ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื ืฆื™ื ื™ื
02:18
for about 900 years, until 500 CE.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 900 ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ 500 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:23
Some Greek philosophers, like the Stoics,
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ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ืื™ื,
02:26
thought everyone should follow Diogenesโ€™ example.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก.
02:29
They also attempted to tone down his philosophy
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•
02:32
to be more acceptable to conventional societyโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” --
02:35
which, of course,
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
02:37
was fundamentally at odds with his approach.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื•.
02:41
Others viewed the Cynics less charitably.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื“.
02:44
In the Roman province of Syria in the 2nd century CE,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 2 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:48
the satirist Lucian described the Cynics of his own time as unprincipled,
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ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ืงืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ื›ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ,
02:53
materialistic, self-promoting hypocrites,
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ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
02:56
who only preached what Diogenes had once actually practiced.
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ืฉืจืง ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:00
Reading Lucianโ€™s texts centuries later,
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ื›ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:03
Renaissance and Reformation writers called their rivals cynics as an insultโ€”
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืงืจืื• ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฆื™ื ื™ื ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ --
03:09
meaning people who criticized others without having anything worthwhile to say.
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ.
03:15
This usage eventually laid the groundwork for the modern meaning
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
03:18
of the word โ€œcynic:"
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฆื™ื ื™":
03:20
a person who thinks everyone else is acting out of pure self-interest,
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ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช,
03:25
even if they claim a higher motive.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:28
Still, the philosophy of cynicism had admirers,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื,
03:31
especially among those who wished to question
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง
03:34
the state of society.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
03:35
The 18th-century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืื” ื”- 18 ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื•
03:39
was called the โ€œnew Diogenesโ€
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ื ืงืจื "ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ"
03:41
when he argued that the arts, sciences, and technology,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:45
corrupt people.
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ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:47
In 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche reimagined a story
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ื‘ 1882, ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
03:50
in which Diogenes went into the Athenian marketplace
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ื‘ื• ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™
03:54
with a lantern,
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ืขื ืžื ื•ืจื”,
03:55
searching in vain for a single honest person.
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ืžื—ืคืฉ ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื“ื ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“.
03:58
In Nietszcheโ€™s version,
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ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”,
04:00
a so-called madman rushes into a town square
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ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ
04:03
to proclaim that โ€œGod is dead.โ€
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ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉ"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืช".
04:05
This was Nietzscheโ€™s way of calling for a โ€œrevaluation of values,โ€
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœ"ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื",
04:10
and rejecting the dominant Christian and Platonic idea
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ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™
04:14
of universal, spiritual insights beyond the physical world.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™.
04:18
Nietzsche admired Diogenes for sticking stubbornly
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ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก ืขืœ ืฉื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื™ืงืฉ
04:22
to the here-and-now.
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ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:24
More recently,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:25
the hippies of the 1960s have been compared with Diogenes
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 60 ื”ื•ืฉื•ื• ืœื“ื™ืื•ื’ื ืก
04:29
as counter-cultural rebels.
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ื›ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
04:31
Diogenesโ€™ ideas have been adopted
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื’ื™ื ืก ืื•ืžืฆื•
04:34
and reimagined over and over again.
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ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:37
The original cynics might not have approved
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
04:39
of these fresh takes:
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
04:40
they believed that their values of rejecting custom
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ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’
04:44
and living closely with nature were the only true values.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
04:48
Whether or not you agree with that, or with any of the later incarnations,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ืืช ืื• ืœื, ืื• ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:52
all have one thing in common: they questioned the status quo.
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ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ: ื”ื ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•.
04:57
And thatโ€™s an example we can still follow:
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”:
05:00
not to blindly follow conventional or majority views,
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ืœื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘,
05:04
but to think hard about what is truly valuable.
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ืืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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