The philosophy of cynicism - William D. Desmond

3,615,207 views ・ 2019-12-19

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sora Kim κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In the 4th century BCE,
0
6603
2360
기원전 4μ„ΈκΈ°κ²½,
00:08
a banker’s son threw the city of Sinope into scandal by counterfeiting coins.
1
8963
6430
ν•œ μ€ν–‰κ°€μ˜ 아듀이 화폐 μœ„μ‘°λ‘œ μ‹œλ…ΈνŽ˜ μ‹œλ₯Ό 좔문에 λΉ νŠΈλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
When the dust finally settled, the young man, Diogenes of Sinope,
2
15393
4795
μ†Œλ¬Έμ΄ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μž μž ν•΄μ§€μž, μ‹œλ…ΈνŽ˜μ˜ μ²­λ…„ λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€λŠ”
00:20
had been stripped of his citizenship, his money, and all his possessions.
3
20188
5614
μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒ, μž¬μ‚° 그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μ†Œμœ λ¬Όμ„ λ°•νƒˆ λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
At least, that’s how the story goes.
4
25802
3310
적어도 이 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν˜λŸ¬κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
While many of the details of Diogenes’ life are shadowy,
5
29112
3693
λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€ μΈμƒμ˜ λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄듀이 가렀진 κ°€μš΄λ°,
00:32
the philosophical ideas born out of his disgrace survive today.
6
32805
5779
그의 뢈λͺ…μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ νƒ„μƒν•œ μ² ν•™ 사상이 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€ 이어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
In exile, Diogenes decided that by rejecting the opinions of others
7
38584
5020
망λͺ… 쀑, κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄λ“€μ˜ 의견과 μ„±κ³΅μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ§€ν‘œλ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
00:43
and societal measures of success, he could be truly free.
8
43604
4574
μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ˆμŒλ¨Ήμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
He would live self-sufficiently, close to nature, without materialism,
9
48178
4521
물질주의, μžλ§Œμ‹¬, μˆœμ‘μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ μžμ—°μΉœν™”μ  μžκΈ‰μžμ‘±μ˜ 삢을 μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
vanity, or conformity.
10
52699
2270
00:54
In practice, this meant he spent years wandering around Greek cities
11
54969
4961
μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ΄λŠ” κ·Έκ°€ λͺ‡λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 그리슀 λ„μ‹œλ“€μ„
00:59
with nothing but a cloak, staff, and knapsackβ€”
12
59930
3760
망토와 μ§€νŒ‘μ΄, λ°°λ‚­λ§Œ μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹Œ 것을 μ˜λ―Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
outdoors year-round, forgoing technology, baths, and cooked food.
13
63690
6513
λ…Έμˆ™ μƒν™œμ„ ν•˜λ©° μ‹  기술과 λͺ©μš•, μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 μŒμ‹μ„ κ±°λΆ€ν•œ 채 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
He didn’t go about this new existence quietly,
14
70203
2890
κ·ΈλŠ” 이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μƒν™œμ„ μ–Œμ „νžˆ 지내진 μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”λ°,
01:13
but is said to have teased passers-by and mocked the powerful,
15
73093
4158
행인듀을 괴둭히고 ꢌλ ₯μžλ“€μ„ μ‘°λ‘±ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
01:17
eating, urinating and even masturbating in public.
16
77251
5205
곡곡 μž₯μ†Œμ—μ„œ λ¨Ήκ³  λ°©λ‡¨ν•˜κ³  심지어 μžμœ„κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
The citizens called him a kyΓ΄nβ€” a barking dog.
17
82456
4450
μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ€ κ·Έλ₯Ό μ§–λŠ” κ°œλΌλŠ” 의미둜 ν‚€μ˜¨μ΄λΌ λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
Though meant as an insult,
18
86906
1903
λͺ¨μš•μœΌλ‘œ μ˜λ„λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:28
dogs were actually a good symbol for his philosophyβ€”
19
88809
3390
사싀 κ°œλŠ” 그의 μ² ν•™μ˜ 쒋은 μƒμ§•μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
they’re happy creatures,
20
92199
1890
κ°œλŠ” ν–‰λ³΅ν•œ 창쑰물듀이기에
01:34
free from abstractions like wealth or reputation.
21
94089
3570
λΆ€λ‚˜ λͺ…μ˜ˆκ°™μ€ 좔상적 관념에 ꡬ애받지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
Diogenes and his growing number of followers
22
97659
3300
λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€μ™€ 점점 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μΆ”μ’…μžλ“€μ€
01:40
became known as β€œdog philosophers,” or kynikoi,
23
100959
4630
"개 μ² ν•™μžλ“€" λ˜λŠ” ν‚€λ‹ˆμ½”μ΄λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
a designation that eventually became the word β€œCynic.”
24
105589
4620
이 λͺ…칭은 κ²°κ΅­ "λƒ‰μ†Œμ μΈ"μ΄λž€ 단어가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
These early Cynics were a carefree bunch,
25
110209
3096
초기 λƒ‰μ†Œμ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 자유둜운 λ¬΄λ¦¬μ˜€λŠ”λ°
01:53
drawn to the freedom of a wandering lifestyle.
26
113305
2814
λ°©λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μΈμƒμ˜ 자유λ₯Ό κ·Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
As Diogenes’ reputation grew, others tried to challenge his commitment.
27
116119
5311
λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€μ˜ ν‰νŒμ΄ μ•Œλ €μ§€λ©° μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 그의 신념을 λ°”κΎΈλ € ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
Alexander the Great offered him anything he desired.
28
121430
3470
μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” λŒ€μ™•μ΄ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것은 무엇이든지 μ€€λ‹€κ³  ν•˜μž
02:04
But instead of asking for material goods,
29
124900
2645
물질적인 물건듀을 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—
02:07
Diogenes only asked Alexander to get out of his sunshine.
30
127545
5369
μ™•μ—κ²Œ 햇빛을 κ°€λ¦¬μ§€λ‚˜ λ§λΌλŠ” μš”μ²­μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
After Diogenes’ death,
31
132914
1783
λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€μ˜ 죽음 후에,
02:14
adherents to his philosophy continued to call themselves Cynics
32
134697
4234
μ§€μ§€μžλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ κ²¬μœ ν•™νŒŒλΌ μΉ­ν•˜λ©°
02:18
for about 900 years, until 500 CE.
33
138931
4563
5μ„ΈκΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 900년이 λ„˜λ„λ‘ μ΄μ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Some Greek philosophers, like the Stoics,
34
143494
2810
μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒ 같은 그리슀 μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€
02:26
thought everyone should follow Diogenes’ example.
35
146304
3331
λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€μ˜ 예λ₯Ό λ”°λΌμ•Όν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
They also attempted to tone down his philosophy
36
149635
2975
그듀은 λ˜ν•œ 그의 철학을 λˆ„κ·ΈλŸ¬λœ¨λ €
02:32
to be more acceptable to conventional societyβ€”
37
152610
3215
μ’€ 더 일반 μ‚¬νšŒμ— λ§žμΆ”λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
which, of course,
38
155825
1398
λ¬Όλ‘  근본적으둜 그의 접근법과 쑰화둭지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
was fundamentally at odds with his approach.
39
157223
3940
02:41
Others viewed the Cynics less charitably.
40
161163
2850
λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀은 이듀을 λΆˆνŽΈν•˜κ²Œ λ°”λΌλ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
In the Roman province of Syria in the 2nd century CE,
41
164013
4447
2μ„ΈκΈ°κ²½ 둜마의 속주 μ‹œλ¦¬μ•„μ—μ„œ
02:48
the satirist Lucian described the Cynics of his own time as unprincipled,
42
168460
5182
ν’μžν•™μž λ£¨μ‹œμ•ˆμ€ κ·Έ μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ κ²¬μœ ν•™νŒŒλ₯Ό
λΆ€λ„λ•ν•˜κ³ , 물질주의적이며 μžμ•„λ„μ·¨μ μΈ μœ„μ„ μžλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:53
materialistic, self-promoting hypocrites,
43
173642
3050
02:56
who only preached what Diogenes had once actually practiced.
44
176692
4272
λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€κ°€ μ‹€μ²œν–ˆλ˜ 것을 κ·Έμ € μ„€κ΅λ§Œ ν•˜λŠ” μžλ“€μ΄λΌκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Reading Lucian’s texts centuries later,
45
180964
2742
μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ° 후에 λ£¨μ‹œμ•ˆμ˜ 글을 읽어보면,
03:03
Renaissance and Reformation writers called their rivals cynics as an insultβ€”
46
183706
5767
λ₯΄λ„€μƒμŠ€μ™€ μ’…κ΅κ°œν˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ—λŠ” μƒλŒ€λ₯Ό λͺ¨μš•ν•˜λ € κ²¬μœ ν•™νŒŒλΌ λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
meaning people who criticized others without having anything worthwhile to say.
47
189473
5853
말할 λ§Œν•œ 것은 아무 것도 μ—†μœΌλ©΄μ„œ 남듀을 λΉ„νŒν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λž€ λœ»μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
This usage eventually laid the groundwork for the modern meaning
48
195326
3670
μ΄λŠ” κ²°κ΅­ ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ 의미의 "λƒ‰μ†Œκ°€"에 λŒ€ν•œ ν† λŒ€κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
of the word β€œcynic:"
49
198996
1406
03:20
a person who thinks everyone else is acting out of pure self-interest,
50
200402
4950
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ³ κ·€ν•œ 동기λ₯Ό μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ”λΌλ„ μˆœμ „νžˆ μ‚¬λ¦¬μ‚¬μš•μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
even if they claim a higher motive.
51
205352
3030
03:28
Still, the philosophy of cynicism had admirers,
52
208382
3371
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λƒ‰μ†Œμ£Όμ˜ 철학은 특히 μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό
03:31
especially among those who wished to question
53
211753
2642
μ˜μ‹¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ 지지λ₯Ό λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
the state of society.
54
214395
1500
03:35
The 18th-century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau
55
215895
3507
18μ„ΈκΈ° ν”„λž‘μŠ€ μ² ν•™μž μž₯-자크 λ£¨μ†ŒλŠ”
03:39
was called the β€œnew Diogenes”
56
219402
2194
"μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€" 라고 λΆˆλ ΈλŠ”λ°
03:41
when he argued that the arts, sciences, and technology,
57
221596
3745
예술, κ³Όν•™ 그리고 기술이 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ νƒ€λ½μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€ μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
corrupt people.
58
225341
1800
03:47
In 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche reimagined a story
59
227141
3621
1882λ…„ ν”„λ¦¬λ“œλ¦¬νžˆ λ‹ˆμ²΄λŠ” λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€κ°€
03:50
in which Diogenes went into the Athenian marketplace
60
230762
3455
λ“±λΆˆμ„ λ“€κ³  μ•„ν…Œλ„€ μ‹œμž₯으둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
03:54
with a lantern,
61
234217
1060
03:55
searching in vain for a single honest person.
62
235277
3415
단 ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ μ •μ§ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ°ΎλŠ” 데 μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 이야기λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
In Nietszche’s version,
63
238692
1594
λ‹ˆμ²΄κ°€ λ§Œλ“  μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” μ†Œμœ„ λ―ΈμΉœλ†ˆμ΄ κ΄‘μž₯으둜 λŒμ§„ν•˜μ—¬
04:00
a so-called madman rushes into a town square
64
240286
3120
04:03
to proclaim that β€œGod is dead.”
65
243406
2550
"신은 μ£½μ—ˆλ‹€,"라고 μ„ ν¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
This was Nietzsche’s way of calling for a β€œrevaluation of values,”
66
245956
4760
μ΄λŠ” "κ°€μΉ˜ μž¬ν‰κ°€"λ₯Ό μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 그의 방식이며,
04:10
and rejecting the dominant Christian and Platonic idea
67
250716
3380
물질적인 세계λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ” 보편적이고 정신적인 ν†΅μ°°μ΄λΌλŠ”
04:14
of universal, spiritual insights beyond the physical world.
68
254096
4800
μ£Όλ₯˜ 기독ꡐ, ν”ŒλΌν† λ‹‰ 사상을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
Nietzsche admired Diogenes for sticking stubbornly
69
258896
3596
λ‹ˆμ²΄λŠ” λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€κ°€ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°•μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 것에 감λͺ…을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
to the here-and-now.
70
262492
2010
04:24
More recently,
71
264502
1086
μ΅œκ·Όλ“€μ–΄ 1960λ…„λŒ€ νžˆν”Όλ“€μ΄
04:25
the hippies of the 1960s have been compared with Diogenes
72
265588
3520
λ°˜λ¬Έν™” λ°˜κ΅°μœΌλ‘œμ„œ λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€μ™€ λΉ„κ΅λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
as counter-cultural rebels.
73
269108
2730
04:31
Diogenes’ ideas have been adopted
74
271838
2486
λ””μ˜€κ²Œλ„€μŠ€μ˜ 사상은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 받아듀이고 μž¬κ΅¬μƒλ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
and reimagined over and over again.
75
274324
2840
04:37
The original cynics might not have approved
76
277164
2300
μ›λž˜μ˜ λƒ‰μ†Œμ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 관점듀을 받아듀이지 μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
of these fresh takes:
77
279464
1450
04:40
they believed that their values of rejecting custom
78
280914
3321
그듀은 κ΄€μŠ΅μ„ κ±°λΆ€ν•˜κ³  μžμ—°κ³Ό κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μ‚¬λŠ”
04:44
and living closely with nature were the only true values.
79
284235
4368
κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€λ§Œμ΄ μ§„μ •ν•œ κ°€μΉ˜λΌκ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
Whether or not you agree with that, or with any of the later incarnations,
80
288603
4338
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ›λž˜μ˜ κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜ ν˜Ήμ€ κ·Όλž˜μ— μž¬νƒ„μƒν•œ 것에 λ™μ˜ν•˜λ“  말든
04:52
all have one thing in common: they questioned the status quo.
81
292941
4480
그듀은 ν˜„μƒμ— μ˜λ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν•œλ‹€λŠ” ν•œ 가지 곡톡점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
And that’s an example we can still follow:
82
297421
2785
그리고 이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ”°λ₯Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ²”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
not to blindly follow conventional or majority views,
83
300206
3796
κ΄€μŠ΅μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ˜κ²¬μ„ λ§Ήλͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ λ”°λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šκ³ ,
05:04
but to think hard about what is truly valuable.
84
304002
4262
무엇이 μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μΉ˜ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 깊이 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7