How did trains standardize time in the United States? - William Heuisler

234,504 views ใƒป 2013-02-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:13
The development and spread of railroads
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ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช
00:15
across the United States
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:16
brought a wave of changes to American life.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
00:19
During the railroad boom,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
00:20
thousands of jobs were created,
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ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
00:22
new towns were born,
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ืขืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื•,
00:23
trade increased,
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ื”ืกื—ืจ ืขืœื”,
00:25
transportation was faster,
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ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:26
and the overall landscape of the nation transformed.
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ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
00:29
But, perhaps the most interesting change of all
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืœื
00:31
is the least known:
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข:
00:33
the establishment of standard time.
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.
00:35
Today, we know if it is 6:28 a.m. in Los Angeles,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื–ื” a.m.6:28 ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก,
00:39
it is 9:28 a.m. in New York,
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ื–ื” a.m.9:28 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
00:41
2:28 p.m. in London,
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2:28p.m. ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:43
5:28 p.m. in Moscow,
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5:28p.m. ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื•ื•ื”,
00:45
and 10:28 p.m in Tokyo.
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ื• 10:28p.m. ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•.
00:47
No matter where you are,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืคื” ืืชื,
00:48
the minute and second are the exact same.
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ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:51
But, before the railroads,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
00:52
there was no need for a national or global clock,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ ืื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
00:55
and each town kept its own local time.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืœื”.
00:57
So when it was 12 noon in Chicago,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” 12 ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื ื•,
00:59
it was 12:07 p.m. in Indianapolis,
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ื”ื™ื” 12:07 p.m. ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ืคื•ืœื™ืก,
01:02
11:50 a.m. in St. Louis,
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11:50a.m. ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืœื•ืื™ืก,
01:04
and 11:27 a.m. in Omaha.
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ื• 11:27 a.m. ื‘ืื•ืžื”ื”.
01:06
This worked just fine when the only modes of travel
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ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื›ืฉืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืข
01:09
were horses or steamboats,
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ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืก ืื• ืกื™ืจืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
01:10
but it became incredibly problematic
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืชื™
01:12
when railroads came along.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
01:14
How can you keep a train schedule
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื
01:15
when each town has its own time?
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ื›ืฉืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืœื”?
01:17
And how do you prevent collisions or accidents on the tracks
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”
01:20
if train conductors are using different clocks?
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ืื ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
01:23
It doesn't really make sense to leave a station at 12:14 p.m.,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื‘ p.m.,12:14
01:26
travel for 22 minutes,
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ืœื ืกื•ืข 22 ื“ืงื•ืช,
01:28
and arrive at 12:31 p.m.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ 12:31 p.m.
01:31
In order to eliminate that confusion,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ,
01:33
the railroads of the United States and Canada
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื ื“ื”
01:35
instituted standard time zones
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื
01:36
on November 18, 1883 at noon.
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ื‘ 18 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1883, ื‘12 ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
01:39
It allowed the railroad companies
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
01:41
to operate more effectively
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ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
01:42
and reduce deadly accidents.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
01:44
The American public, however,
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:45
was not so quick to embrace this new change,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
01:48
as many cities continued to use their own local time.
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:51
Resistance was so strong that, in some towns,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”, ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื,
01:54
clocks would show both the local time and the railway time.
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ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื’ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื›ื‘ืช.
01:58
Imagine this conversation:
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”:
02:00
"Pardon me, sir. Do you have the time?"
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"ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืื“ื•ื ื™. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”?"
02:02
"Why yes, which do you need?
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"ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื” ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš?
02:04
It's 12:13 local time and 12:16 railway time."
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ื–ื” 12:13 ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื• 12:16 ื–ืžืŸ ืจื›ื‘ืช."
02:08
Ultimately, the logic of keeping a standard time prevailed,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ,
02:11
and the United States government made time zones a matter of law
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืคืš ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง
02:14
with the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ 19 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, 1918.
02:18
Since then, there have been numerous changes
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ืžืื–, ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
02:20
to the time zones,
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:21
but the concept of standard time has remained.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื ืฉืืจ.
02:24
But, the United States was actually not the first
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:27
to develop standard time.
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ืœืคืชื— ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.
02:28
The first company to implement the use of standard time
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™
02:31
was the Great Western Railway in 1840 in Britain,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืŸ ื‘ 1840 ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
02:34
and by 1847, most British railways were using
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ื•ืขื“ 1847, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
02:38
Greenwich Mean Time, or G.M.T.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืฅ' ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืื• G.M.T.
02:41
The British government made it official
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฉืžื™
02:42
on August 2, 1880 with the Statutes, or Definition of Time, Act.
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ื‘ 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1880 ืขื ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:47
But, while Britain may have been the first
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:49
to establish standard time,
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ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™,
02:50
it is Asia and the islands of the South Pacific
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ื–ื• ืืกื™ื” ื•ืื™ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™
02:53
that enjoyed the first hour of each new day.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:55
The International Date Line
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ืงื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
02:57
passes through the Pacific Ocean
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™
02:58
on the opposite side of the Earth
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:00
from the Prime Meridian in Greenwich where,
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ืžื”ืžืจื™ื“ื™ืืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืฅ' ื‘ื•,
03:02
thanks to trains,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ืช,
03:03
standard time was first used.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:06
Trains have evolved over the years
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ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
03:08
and remain a prominent form
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
03:09
of transportation and trade throughout the world.
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ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:11
And, from the New York City subways
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ื•ืžืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
03:13
to the freight trains traveling across the Great Plains,
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ืœืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:15
to the trolleys in San Francisco,
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ืœืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
03:18
they all know exactly what time it is.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”.
03:20
And, thanks to them, we do too!
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื, ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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