How a wound heals itself - Sarthak Sinha

6,312,736 views ใƒป 2014-11-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
The largest organ in your body isn't your liver or your brain.
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ื”ืื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:11
It's your skin, with a surface area of about 20 square feet in adults.
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 2 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
00:16
Though different areas of the skin have different characteristics,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
00:19
much of this surface performs similar functions,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
00:22
such as sweating, feeling heat and cold, and growing hair.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืขื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ.
00:26
But after a deep cut or wound,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืฆืข ืื• ื—ืชืš ืขืžื•ืง,
00:28
the newly healed skin will look different from the surrounding area,
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
00:31
and may not fully regain all its abilities for a while, or at all.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:36
To understand why this happens, we need to look at the structure of the human skin.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:41
The top layer, called the epidermis,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
00:43
consists mostly of hardened cells, called keratinocytes,
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืื™ื ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:47
and provides protection.
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ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื ื”.
00:49
Since its outer layer is constantly being shed and renewed,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืช ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
00:52
it's pretty easy to repair.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงืœื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
00:54
But sometimes a wound penetrates into the dermis,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืฆืข ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
00:57
which contains blood vessels and the various glands and nerve endings
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
01:00
that enable the skin's many functions.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:03
And when that happens, it triggers the four overlapping stages
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื
01:06
of the regenerative process.
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ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœืžืชื™.
01:09
The first stage, hemostasis, is the skin's response to two immediate threats:
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื:
01:14
that you're now losing blood
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ืฉืืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื
01:16
and that the physical barrier of the epidermis has been compromised.
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก ื ืคื’ืข.
01:20
As the blood vessels tighten to minimize the bleeding,
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ื›ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื,
01:23
in a process known as vasoconstriction,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื•ืืกื•ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื’,
01:25
both threats are averted by forming a blood clot.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืจื™ืฉ ื“ื.
01:28
A special protein known as fibrin forms cross-links on the top of the skin,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
01:33
preventing blood from flowing out and bacteria or pathogens from getting in.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื“ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
01:38
After about three hours of this, the skin begins to turn red,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ื•ื,
01:41
signaling the next stage, inflammation.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื, ื“ืœืงืช.
01:44
With bleeding under control and the barrier secured,
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ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—,
01:47
the body sends special cells to fight any pathogens that may have gotten through.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืœื— ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
01:52
Among the most important of these are white blood cells,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืœื” ื”ื ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
01:54
known as macrophages,
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืืงืจื•ืคื’ื™ื,
01:56
which devour bacteria and damage tissue through a process known as phagocytosis,
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ืฉื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืงืžื” ืคื’ื•ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืคืื’ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืก,
02:02
in addition to producing growth factors to spur healing.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™.
02:05
And because these tiny soldiers need to travel
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข
02:08
through the blood to get to the wound site,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข,
02:10
the previously constricted blood vessels now expand
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื
02:13
in a process called vasodilation.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื•ืื–ื•ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื”.
02:16
About two to three days after the wound,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืฆืข,
02:18
the proliferative stage occurs, when fibroblast cells begin to enter the wound.
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ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื‘ื• ืชืื™ ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืคืฆืข.
02:23
In the process of collagen deposition,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ,
02:25
they produce a fibrous protein called collagen in the wound site,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืฆืข,
02:29
forming connective skin tissue to replace the fibrin from before.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจืงืžืช ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื“ื.
02:33
As epidermal cells divide to reform the outer layer of skin,
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
02:37
the dermis contracts to close the wound.
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ื”ื“ืจืžื™ืก ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข.
02:40
Finally, in the fourth stage of remodeling,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
02:43
the wound matures as the newly deposited collagen is rearranged and converted
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ื”ืคืฆืข ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื›ืฉืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืชืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื•ืžืจ
02:47
into specific types.
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ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
02:49
Through this process, which can take over a year,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”,
02:52
the tensile strength of the new skin is improved,
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฉืชืคืจ,
02:55
and blood vessels and other connections are strengthened.
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ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื.
02:58
With time, the new tissue can reach from 50-80%
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 50-80%
03:02
of some of its original healthy function,
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ืžื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
03:04
depending on the severity of the initial wound and on the function itself.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืข ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื• ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:08
But because the skin does not fully recover,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืชืงื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:11
scarring continues to be a major clinical issue for doctors around the world.
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ื”ืฆืœืงืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
03:15
And even though researchers have made significant strides
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช
03:18
in understanding the healing process,
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™,
03:20
many fundamental mysteries remain unresolved.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช.
03:23
For instance, do fibroblast cells arrive from the blood vessels
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืื ืชืื™ ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
03:27
or from skin tissue adjacent to the wound?
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ืื• ืžืจืงืžืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืคืฆืข?
03:30
And why do some other mammals, such as deer,
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ื•ืœืžื” ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ืœื™ื,
03:32
heal their wounds much more efficiently and completely than humans?
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ืžืจืคืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื?
03:37
By finding the answers to these questions and others,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:39
we may one day be able to heal ourselves so well that scars will be just a memory.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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