The moon illusion - Andrew Vanden Heuvel

786,766 views ใƒป 2013-09-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:10
Have you ever noticed
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘
00:11
how the full moon looks bigger
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:12
when it's near the horizon
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืคืง
00:14
than when it's high over head?
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื ื•?
00:15
If so, you're not alone.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
00:17
People have wondered about this strange effect
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”
00:19
since ancient times,
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ืžืื– ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
00:21
and surprisingly, we still don't have
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•
00:23
a great explanation,
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:24
but that's not for lack of trying.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•.
00:26
Some of the greatest minds in history -
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” -
00:28
Aristotle,
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
00:29
Ptolemy,
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ืคืชื•ืœืžื™,
00:30
Da Vinci,
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00:30
Decartes
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ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™,
ื“ืงืืจื˜
00:31
- have all wrestled with this problem
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- ื›ื•ืœื ื ืื‘ืงื• ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
00:33
and failed to generate an adequate explanation.
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ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื• ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
00:36
One of the first ideas suggested
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื•
00:38
was that the image of the moon in the sky
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืฉืžื™ื
00:40
really is bigger near the horizon.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
00:42
Perhaps the Earth's atmosphere acts like a giant lens,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืขื“ืฉื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
00:45
magnifying the moon as it rises and sets.
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื— ื•ืฉื•ืงืข.
00:48
But this explanation doesn't cut it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:50
If anything, the refraction of the atmosphere
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ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
00:52
would make the moon look slightly smaller.
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื— ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:55
Plus, if you actually measure
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“, ืื ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื
00:56
the size of the visible moon
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ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื ืจืื”
00:57
at different positions,
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:59
it doesn't change at all.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:00
But then, why does it still seem bigger
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:02
when it's rising?
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื”?
01:03
This must be some kind of optical illusion.
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช.
01:06
The question is, which one?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื”?
01:08
One explanation is the Ebbinghaus Illusion,
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ืก,
01:11
where two identical objects look different
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ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”
01:13
because of the relative size
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™
01:14
of the objects they're surrounded by.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
01:17
Here the two center circles are actually the same size.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
01:21
Maybe the moon looks bigger near the horizon
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืคืง
01:23
because it's next to tiny trees,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ ืขืฆื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:25
houses,
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01:25
and towers in the distance.
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ื‘ืชื™ื,
ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.
01:27
But when the moon is higher up,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:29
it's surrounded by the vast darkness of the night sky
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
01:31
and looks tiny by comparison.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
01:34
Another possibility is the famous Ponzo Illusion.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืคื•ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื”.
01:37
If you've ever tried to draw in perspective,
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
01:39
you know that the closer something is to the horizon,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืฆื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืคืง,
01:41
the smaller you should draw it.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:43
Our brain compensates automatically for this
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคืฆื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”
01:46
by perceiving objects near the horizon
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืคืง
01:48
as larger than they actually appear.
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ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื™ื.
01:50
The two yellow lines in this drawing
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:52
are the same size,
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ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
01:53
but the upper one seems bigger
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:55
because we interpret it as receding
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื ืกื•ื’
01:57
farther into the horizon.
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ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืคืง.
01:59
So, between Ponzo and Ebbinghaus,
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ืื–, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ื–ื• ืœืื‘ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ืก,
02:01
it seems like we've solved the mystery
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
02:02
of the moon illusion,
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ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—,
02:03
but, unfortunately, there are a few details
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื
02:06
that complicate things.
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:08
For one thing, if this was just the Ebbinghaus effect,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืืคืงื˜ ืื‘ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ืก,
02:11
then we would expect the moon illusion
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—
02:12
to disappear for pilots flying high above the clouds
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ืœื”ืขืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื˜ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื
02:16
since there wouldn't be any other smaller objects
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:18
near the horizon.
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ืคืง.
02:19
But in fact, pilots and sailors out on the ocean
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:22
still claim to see the moon illusion.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—.
02:24
On the other hand, if it's just our brain's autocorrecting
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
02:27
the size of objects near the horizon,
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ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื•ืคืง,
02:29
then we'd expect the moon illusion
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื—
02:31
to be visible inside a planetarium,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื,
02:33
where the whole sky,
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ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
02:34
including the horizon,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง,
02:35
is displayed on a spherical dome overhead.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืคื” ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืœ.
02:38
Studies have shown, though,
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•, ืขื ื–ืืช,
02:40
that this is not the case.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”.
02:42
To make matters worse,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ืš ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:43
it seems the moon illusion disappears entirely
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืขืœืžืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
02:45
if you just bend over
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ืื ืชืชื›ื•ืคืคื•
02:47
and look at the moon between your legs.
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ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื›ื.
02:49
Now, this is just getting ridiculous!
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื›ื—!
02:52
One of the most promising explanations today
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ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
02:54
is known as Convergence Micropsia.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช.
02:57
Our brains judge the distance to objects
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ืง ืœืขืฆืžื™ื
02:59
and their apparent size
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:01
by the focus of our eyes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:03
When looking at the horizon,
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืง,
03:04
your eyes focus far off into the distance
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง
03:06
so your brain knows you're looking far away.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง.
03:09
The moon appears a certain size.
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ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:11
Your brain thinks it's far away,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง,
03:12
which it is,
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ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:13
so you naturally conclude the moon must be big.
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ืื– ืืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:16
But when looking up at the night sky,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
03:18
there's nothing for your eyes to focus on,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“,
03:20
so they default to their rest focus,
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:22
which is a point just a few meters away.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:25
Now your brain thinks the moon is much closer
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:27
than it really is,
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ืžืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช,
03:28
so you naturally conclude
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
03:29
the moon's not as big as you thought it was.
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ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื.
03:32
Rather than explain why the moon
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืจื—
03:33
looks so big near the horizon,
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืคืง,
03:35
Convergence Microspia explains
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ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืคื™ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”
03:37
why the moon looks so small when overhead.
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืจืื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืœ.
03:40
Still not satisfied?
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื?
03:42
Well, frankly, neither are many scientists,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื,
03:44
so the debate over the moon illusion still rages on
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ืื– ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš
03:47
and may continue as long as we still see it
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•
03:50
in the night sky.
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ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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