What is fat? - George Zaidan

3,446,235 views ใƒป 2013-05-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
Olive oil is 100% fat;
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ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื 100% ืฉื•ืžืŸ;
00:15
there's nothing else in it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
00:16
Pancake mix, on the other hand,
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
00:18
is only about 11% fat.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš 11% ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
00:20
And, yet, olive oil is good for you,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื,
00:22
and pancake mix is not.
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ื•ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ืœื.
00:24
Why is that?
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ืœืžื”?
00:27
As it turns out,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
00:28
the amount of fat we eat
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ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
00:29
doesn't impact our weight
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ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื ื•
00:30
or our cholesterol
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ืื• ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
00:31
or our risk of heart disease
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘
00:33
nearly as much as what kind of fat we eat.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
00:35
But let's back up:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”:
00:37
What is fat?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืŸ?
00:39
If we were to zoom in on a salmon,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืœ ืกืœืžื•ืŸ,
00:40
which is a fatty fish,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื’ ืฉื•ืžื ื™,
00:42
past the organs,
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00:42
past the tissues,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช,
00:43
into the cells,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื,
00:45
we would see that the stuff we call fat
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื•ืžืŸ
00:47
is actually made up of molecules called triglycerides,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื™ื“ื™ื,
00:50
and they are not all alike.
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ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
00:52
Here's one example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช.
00:53
Those three carbons on the left, that's glycerol.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ, ื–ื” ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื•ืœ.
00:55
Now, you can think of that as the backbone
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
00:57
that holds the rest of the molecule together.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ื—ื“.
00:59
The three long chains on the right
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
01:00
are called fatty acids,
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ,
01:02
and it's subtle differences in the structures of these chains
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:05
that determine whether a fat is,
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืื ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื,
01:06
let's say, solid or liquid;
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“, ืžื•ืฆืง ืื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™;
01:08
whether or not it goes rancid quickly;
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœื;
01:11
and, most importantly, how good or how bad it is for you.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข ืœื›ื.
01:15
Let's take a look at some of these differences.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:17
One is length.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจืš.
01:18
Fatty acids can be short or long.
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืื• ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
01:20
Another, more important difference
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื—ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:21
is the type of bond between the carbon atoms.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
01:24
Some fatty acids have only single bonds.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
01:26
Others have both single and double bonds.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื.
01:29
Fatty acids with only single bonds
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืขื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
01:31
are called saturated,
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:32
and those with one or more double bonds
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ื•ืืœื” ืขื ืงืฉืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:34
are called unsaturated.
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ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:36
Now, most unsaturated fats are good for you,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื,
01:39
while saturated fats are bad for you in excess.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืœื›ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ.
01:42
For saturated fats, the story pretty much ends there
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ืœืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื ื’ืžืจ ืฉื
01:44
but not for unsaturated fats.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื.
01:47
The double bonds in these molecules
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ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:48
have a kind of weird property;
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”;
01:50
they're rigid.
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ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื.
01:52
So, that means there are two ways
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:54
to arrange every double bond.
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ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ.
01:55
The first is like this,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืš,
01:57
where both hydrogens are on same side
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ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื“
01:58
and both carbons are on the same side.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“.
02:00
The second way is like this.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืš.
02:02
Now the hydrogens and carbons
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
02:04
are on opposite sides of the double bond.
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ื”ื ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ.
02:06
Now, even though both of these molecules
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:08
are made up of exactly the same building blocks,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:10
they are two completely different substances,
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
02:13
and they behave completely differently inside of us.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
02:16
The configuration on the left is called CIS,
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ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ ื ืงืจื CIS,
02:18
which you've probably never heard of.
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•.
02:20
The one of the right is called TRANS,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื TRANS,
02:22
and you probably have heard of trans fats before.
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ื•ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:24
They don't go rancid,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื,
02:25
they're more stable during deep frying,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง,
02:27
and they can change the texture of foods
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
02:29
in ways that other fats just can't.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:31
They're also terrible for your health,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
02:34
by far worse than saturated fat,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™,
02:35
even though technically they're a type
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
02:38
of unsaturated fat.
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ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื•ื•ื™.
02:39
Now, I know that seems crazy,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฉื•ื’ืข,
02:41
but your body doesn't care
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืื›ืคืช
02:42
what a molecule looks like on paper.
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ืื™ืš ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
02:44
All that matters is the 3-D shape
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™
02:46
where the molecule fits,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”,
02:47
where it doesn't,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื,
02:48
and what pathways it interferes with.
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ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื”.
02:50
So, how do you know if a food
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ
02:51
has trans fat in it?
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ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก?
02:53
Well, the only sure way to know
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืขืช
02:55
is if you see the words,
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ื”ื™ื ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื,
02:56
"partially hydrogenated" in the ingredients list.
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"ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช" ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
02:59
Don't let nutrition labels or advertising fool you.
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ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืชื›ื.
03:02
The FDA allows manufacturers to claim
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ื” FDA ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
03:04
that their products contain
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœ
03:05
"0" grams of trans fat
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"0" ื’ืจื ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก
03:08
even if they actually have up to half a gram per serving.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ื’ืจื ืœืžื ื”.
03:12
But there are no hard and fast rules
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
03:14
about how small a serving can be,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
03:15
and, that means, you'll have to rely on seeing those key words,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืืœื•,
03:18
partially hydrogenated,
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ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
03:20
because that's how trans fats are made,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื›ื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก ื ื•ืฆืจ,
03:22
by partially hydrogenating unsaturated fats.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื.
03:25
So, let's go back to our olive oil and pancake mix from before.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ืžืžืงื•ื“ื.
03:28
Olive oil is 100% fat.
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ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื 100% ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
03:31
Pancake mix is only 11% fat.
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ื”ื™ื 11% ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
03:34
But olive oil is mostly unsaturated fat,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื•ื•ื™,
03:37
and it has no trans fat at all.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก.
03:39
On the other hand, more than half the fat
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ
03:42
in pancake mix is either saturated or trans fat.
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ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™ ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก.
03:45
And, so, even though olive oil has 10 times
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 10
03:47
as much fat as pancake mix,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง,
03:49
it's healthy for you,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื,
03:50
whereas pancake mix is not.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง ืœื.
03:52
Now, I'm not trying to pick on pancake mix.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืจื“ืช ืขืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื ืงื™ื™ืง.
03:54
There are lots of foods
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื
03:55
with this type of fat profile.
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ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
03:57
The point is this:
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื:
03:58
It's not how much fat you eat,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
04:00
it's what kind of fat.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
04:01
And what makes a particular fat healthy or unhealthy
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื
04:04
is its shape.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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