How one of the most profitable companies in history rose to power - Adam Clulow

873,884 views ใƒป 2021-12-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:08
During the 17th century,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื” 17,
00:09
the three letters โ€œVOCโ€ formed the worldโ€™s most recognizable logo.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช VOC ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:14
These initials belonged to the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie,
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ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœ Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie,
00:19
or the Dutch East India Companyโ€”
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช --
00:21
widely considered the most profitable corporation ever created.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”.
00:25
Starting in 1602, it cornered the booming spice market
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ 1602, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’
00:29
and pioneered trade routes between Asia and Europe.
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ื•ืคืจืฆื” ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:33
But such success came with an overwhelming cost in human life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
00:38
When the Dutch state created the Company,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:40
it granted the organization the power to wage war,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
00:44
conduct diplomacy, and seize colonies throughout Asia.
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ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”, ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ื”.
00:48
The Dutch East India Company was intended to make money
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ
00:52
and battle competing European empires.
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ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช.
00:55
The Asian market was the largest at the time
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
00:58
and spices were in great demand throughout Europe.
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ื•ืœืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:00
Nutmeg was among the most precious.
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ืื’ื•ื– ืžื•ืกืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจื™ื.
01:03
But it was only cultivated on Indonesiaโ€™s Banda Islands.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”.
01:07
If Dutch officials could seize exclusive control over nutmeg,
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ืื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื˜,
01:11
they'd make their investors rich,
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ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
01:13
ensure the Companyโ€™s long-term survival
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ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
01:15
and deprive their adversaries of the same gains.
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ื•ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืžืชื—ืจื™ื™ื”ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
01:19
However, their plan hinged on the submission of the Bandanese people.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื“ื”.
01:23
This was something Company officials, like the ruthless Jan Pieterszoon Coen,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื™ืืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจืกื–ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™,
01:28
were willing to go to great lengths to ensure.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:31
Home to around 15,000 people,
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ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืขืจืš 15,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:33
the Banda Islands were composed of village confederations
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ืื™ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื• ืžืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช
01:37
controlled by rich men called orang kaya, who were expert traders.
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ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืื•ืจื ื’ ืงืื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
01:41
They'd retained their virtual monopoly over nutmeg for centuries,
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ื”ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืงื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
01:45
selling at the highest price to Asian and European merchants.
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ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืกื™ืืชื™ื ื•ืืจื•ืคืื™ื.
01:49
When the Dutch East India Company arrived in the early 1600s,
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ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 17,
01:53
its officials persuaded a group of orang kaya to sign a treaty.
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ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื’ ืงืื™ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืืžื ื”.
01:57
It guaranteed protection in exchange for monopoly rights to their nutmeg.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืงื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:02
Bandanese leaders had made similar agreements before,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื“ื” ืขืฉื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:05
but were able to break them without serious consequences.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
02:09
The Dutch represented a new threat.
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ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืื™ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:11
They attempted to build forts to control trade and stop smuggling,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช,
02:16
and insisted that all nutmeg be sold to them at deflated prices.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืงืฉื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืงื˜ ื™ืžื›ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
02:21
Many Bandanese refused and relations continued to deteriorate.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ืกืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ.
02:25
In 1609, a group of villagers ambushed and killed a Dutch admiral and 40 of his men.
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ื‘ 1609, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื• 40 ืžืื ืฉื™ื•.
02:32
Over the next decade, tensions escalated as treaties were broken and re-signed.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื›ืฉืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื•ื ื—ืชืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:38
The Company and Jan Pieterszoon Coen, its Governor-General,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ืืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจืกื–ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื”,
02:42
began considering new strategies.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:44
The Bandanese, one official wrote,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื”, ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ืชื‘,
02:46
should be โ€œbrought to reason or entirely exterminated.โ€
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€œืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.โ€
02:50
Coen himself believed that there could be no trade without war.
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ืงื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืœื ืžืœื—ืžื”.
02:54
In 1621, with the approval of his superiors,
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ื‘ 1621, ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
02:58
he staged a massive invasion and made Bandanese leaders sign another document.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืจื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื“ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:04
But this time, the terms didnโ€™t recognize the Bandanese as a sovereign peopleโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื --
03:09
they were the Dutch East India Companyโ€™s colonial subjects.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช.
03:13
Soon, Dutch officials claimed they'd detected a conspiracy against them.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืžื–ื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ื.
03:17
Coen used this to eliminate further resistance.
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ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
03:20
He ordered his soldiers to torture Bandanese leaders to extract confessions.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ื™ื.
03:25
Over the following months,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
03:26
Company troops waged a brutal campaign that decimated the population.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื• ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
03:31
Many Bandanese people were starved to death or enslaved
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื“ื” ื”ื•ืจืขื‘ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื•
03:34
and sent to distant Dutch colonies.
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ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช.
03:37
Others jumped from cliffs rather than surrender.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืคืฆื• ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ืข.
03:40
Thousands fled, emptying out whole villages.
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ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•, ืจื•ืงื ื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
03:43
Some survivors resettled on other islands,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:46
where they preserved remnants of Bandanese language and culture.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื‘ื ื“ื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื”.
03:50
When the Companyโ€™s violent campaign was over,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื,
03:52
the indigenous population had plummeted to less than a thousand,
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฆื ื—ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืœืฃ,
03:56
most of whom were enslaved.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื•.
03:58
The Dutch East India Company sliced the islands into plantations
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืขื™ื
04:02
and imported an enslaved workforce.
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ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืื” ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“.
04:04
It was, by many measures, an act of genocide.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืขื.
04:08
By securing this global monopoly over nutmeg,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืงื˜,
04:11
the Company supercharged its economic development,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”,
04:14
contributing to the Dutch Golden Age.
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ื•ืชืจืžื” ืœืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™.
04:16
Although Coen faced criticism,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช,
04:18
he was celebrated as a national hero well into the 20th century.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
04:23
400 years after the massacre on Banda,
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400 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื ื“ื”,
04:26
Coenโ€™s statue still stands in the city of Hoornโ€”
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ื”ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจืŸ --
04:30
despite mounting pressure for its removal.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืกืจืชื•.
04:32
Coen and the Dutch East India Company brought a prized commodity
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ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ืช
04:36
under their control and profits soared.
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ืื•.
04:39
But they achieved this by violently tearing another society apart.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืขืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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