Is the weather actually becoming more extreme? - R. Saravanan

563,143 views ใƒป 2020-08-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
From 2016 to 2019,
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ืž-2016 ืขื“ 2019,
00:09
meteorologists saw record-breaking heat waves around the globe,
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ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก,
00:13
rampant wildfires in California and Australia,
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
00:16
and the longest run of category 5 tropical cyclones on record.
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืงืœื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” 5.
00:21
The number of extreme weather events has been increasing for the last 40 years,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื” ื‘-40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:26
and current predictions suggest that trend will continue.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ืชื™ืžืฉืš.
00:30
But are these natural disasters simply bad weather?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข?
00:34
Or are they due to our changing climate?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
00:37
To answer this question
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
00:38
we need to understand the differences between weather and climateโ€”
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืงืœื™ื --
00:42
what they are, how we predict them, and what those predictions can tell us.
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ืžื” ื”ื, ืื™ืš ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื•.
00:48
Meteorologists define weather as the conditions of the atmosphere
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ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
00:52
at a particular time and place.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:54
Currently, researchers can predict a regionโ€™s weather for the next week
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
00:58
with roughly 80% accuracy.
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ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 80%.
01:01
Climate describes a regionโ€™s average atmospheric conditions
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ืืงืœื™ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
01:05
over periods of a month or more.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:08
Climate predictions can forecast average temperatures for decades to come,
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ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
01:13
but they canโ€™t tell us what specific weather events to expect.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืจื•ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
01:17
These two types of predictions give us such different information
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ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื”
01:21
because theyโ€™re based on different data.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:24
To forecast weather,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ,
01:26
meteorologists need to measure the atmosphereโ€™s initial conditions.
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ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:30
These are the current levels of precipitation, air pressure, humidity,
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ืืœื” ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ, ืœื—ื•ืช,
01:35
wind speed and wind direction that determine a regionโ€™s weather.
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื— ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
01:40
Twice every day, meteorologists from over 800 stations around the globe
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ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-800 ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก
01:45
release balloons into the atmosphere.
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:47
These balloons carry instruments called radiosondes,
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ื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจึทื“ึฐื™ื•ึนืกื•ึนื ึฐื“ื•ืช,
01:51
which measure initial conditions
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื
01:53
and transmit their findings to international weather centers.
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ื•ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:57
Meteorologists then run the data through predictive physics models
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ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื– ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื“ืœื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
02:01
that generate the final weather forecast.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
02:03
Unfortunately, thereโ€™s something stopping this global web of data
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:07
from producing a perfect prediction:
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช:
02:09
weather is a fundamentally chaotic system.
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”.
02:13
This means itโ€™s incredibly sensitive and impossible to perfectly forecast
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
02:17
without absolute knowledge of all the systemโ€™s elements.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
02:21
In a period of just ten days,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:23
even incredibly small disturbances can massively impact atmospheric conditionsโ€”
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ื’ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื --
02:30
making it impossible to reliably predict weather beyond two weeks.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื™ื.
02:35
Climate prediction, on the other hand, is far less turbulent.
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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืขืจ.
02:39
This is partly because a regionโ€™s climate is, by definition,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”
02:42
the average of all its weather data.
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ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
02:45
But also because climate forecasts ignore
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื•ืช
02:48
whatโ€™s currently happening in the atmosphere,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:50
and focus on the range of what could happen.
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ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
02:54
These parameters are known as boundary conditions,
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ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืชื ืื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
02:57
and as their name suggests, they act as constraints on climate and weather.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืžื ืžืฆื™ืข, ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:03
One example of a boundary condition is solar radiation.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืชื ืื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
03:07
By analyzing the precise distance and angle between a location and the sun,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:12
we can determine the amount of heat that area will receive.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ.
03:16
And since we know how the sun behaves throughout the year,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”,
03:19
we can accurately predict its effects on temperature.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
03:22
Averaged across years of data,
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ืžื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:25
this reveals periodic patterns, including seasons.
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ืžื’ืœื” ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช.
03:29
Most boundary conditions have well-defined values that change slowly, if at all.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:34
This allows researchers to reliably predict climate years into the future.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
03:39
But hereโ€™s where it gets tricky.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื” ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
03:41
Even the slightest change in these boundary conditions
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ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืœื”
03:44
represents a much larger shift for the chaotic weather system.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:48
For example, Earthโ€™s surface temperature has warmed by almost 1 degree Celsius
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื” ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœื”
03:53
over the last 150 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:56
This might seem like a minor shift,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ,
03:58
but this 1-degree change has added the energy equivalent
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื”
04:02
of roughly one million nuclear warheads into the atmosphere.
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:06
This massive surge of energy has already led to a dramatic increase
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
04:11
in the number of heatwaves, droughts, and storm surges.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื, ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืขืจื”.
04:15
So, is the increase in extreme weather due to random chance, or changing climate?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื?
04:21
The answer is thatโ€”
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื --
04:23
while weather will always be a chaotic systemโ€”
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช --
04:26
shifts in our climate do increase the likelihood of extreme weather events.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืจื•ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
04:31
Scientists are in near universal agreement that our climate is changing
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื”
04:36
and that human activity is accelerating those changes.
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ื•ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:40
But fortunately,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ,
04:41
we can identify what human behaviors are impacting the climate most
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
04:46
by tracking which boundary conditions are shifting.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื•.
04:49
So even though next monthโ€™s weather might always be a mystery,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™,
04:53
we can work together to protect the climate for centuries to come.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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