The last banana: A thought experiment in probability - Leonardo Barichello

1,651,703 views ใƒป 2015-02-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
You and a fellow castaway are stranded on a desert island
0
6412
4146
ื ื ื˜ืฉืชื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ืžื ืขื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ
00:10
playing dice for the last banana.
1
10558
3052
ื•ืืชื ืžื”ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:13
You've agreed on these rules:
2
13610
1994
ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
00:15
You'll roll two dice,
3
15604
1542
ืืชื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
00:17
and if the biggest number is one, two, three or four,
4
17146
3923
ื•ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื 1, 2, 3 ืื• 4,
00:21
player one wins.
5
21069
2284
ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ื–ื•ื›ื”.
00:23
If the biggest number is five or six, player two wins.
6
23353
4973
ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื 5 ืื• 6, ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื–ื•ื›ื”.
00:28
Let's try twice more.
7
28326
1828
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
00:30
Here, player one wins,
8
30154
3093
ืคื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ื–ื•ื›ื”,
00:33
and here it's player two.
9
33247
2724
ื•ืคื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื–ื•ื›ื”.
00:35
So who do you want to be?
10
35971
1770
ืื– ืžื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
00:37
At first glance, it may seem like player one has the advantage
11
37741
4466
ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืจืื” ืฉืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
00:42
since she'll win if any one of four numbers is the highest,
12
42207
4015
ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื” ืื ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:46
but actually,
13
46222
1014
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”,
00:47
player two has an approximately 56% chance of winning each match.
14
47236
6383
ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 56% ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
00:53
One way to see that is to list all the possible combinations you could get
15
53619
3908
ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
00:57
by rolling two dice,
16
57527
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
00:59
and then count up the ones that each player wins.
17
59527
3147
ื•ืื– ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ.
01:02
These are the possibilities for the yellow die.
18
62674
2634
ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”.
01:05
These are the possibilities for the blue die.
19
65308
2476
ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
01:07
Each cell in the chart shows a possible combination when you roll both dice.
20
67784
5430
ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:13
If you roll a four and then a five,
21
73214
2055
ืื ืชื˜ื™ืœื• 4 ื•ืื– 5,
01:15
we'll mark a player two victory in this cell.
22
75269
2176
ื ืกืžืŸ ื‘ืชื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ 2.
01:17
A three and a one gives player one a victory here.
23
77445
5051
3 ื•-1 โ€“ ื ืกืžืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1.
01:22
There are 36 possible combinations,
24
82496
2321
ื™ืฉ 36 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:24
each with exactly the same chance of happening.
25
84817
3274
ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
01:28
Mathematicians call these equiprobable events.
26
88091
3145
ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื›ืš ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช.
01:31
Now we can see why the first glance was wrong.
27
91236
3565
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžื” ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:34
Even though player one has four winning numbers,
28
94801
2665
ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื,
01:37
and player two only has two,
29
97466
2094
ื•ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
01:39
the chance of each number being the greatest is not the same.
30
99560
4144
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:43
There is only a one in 36 chance that one will be the highest number.
31
103704
4977
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืง 1 ืœ-36 ืฉ-1 ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:48
But there's an 11 in 36 chance that six will be the highest.
32
108681
4176
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 11 ืœ-36 ืฉ-6 ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:52
So if any of these combinations are rolled,
33
112857
2729
ืื– ืื ืชื•ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
01:55
player one will win.
34
115586
1887
ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ืชื–ื›ื”.
01:57
And if any of these combinations are rolled,
35
117473
2195
ื•ืื ืชื•ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
01:59
player two will win.
36
119668
1729
ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื™ื–ื›ื”.
02:01
Out of the 36 possible combinations,
37
121397
2322
ืžืชื•ืš 36 ื”ื˜ืœื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
02:03
16 give the victory to player one, and 20 give player two the win.
38
123719
6100
16 ืžืงื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1, ื•-20 ืžืงื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ 2.
02:09
You could think about it this way, too.
39
129819
2344
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืš.
02:12
The only way player one can win
40
132163
2196
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ืชื–ื›ื” ื”ื™ื
02:14
is if both dice show a one, two, three or four.
41
134359
4280
ืื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจืื• 1, 2, 3 ืื• 4.
02:18
A five or six would mean a win for player two.
42
138639
2957
5 ืื• 6 ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื–ื•ื›ื”.
02:21
The chance of one die showing one, two, three or four is four out of six.
43
141596
5109
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืชืจืื” 1, 2, 3 ืื• 4 ื”ื•ื 4 ืž-6.
02:26
The result of each die roll is independent from the other.
44
146705
3851
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืœื” ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจืช.
02:30
And you can calculate the joint probability of independent events
45
150556
3313
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื
02:33
by multiplying their probabilities.
46
153869
2517
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:36
So the chance of getting a one, two, three or four on both dice
47
156386
4436
ืื ื›ืš, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ 1, 2, 3 ืื• 4, ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:40
is 4/6 times 4/6, or 16/36.
48
160822
5457
ื”ื•ื 4/6 ื›ืคื•ืœ 4/6 ืื• 16/36.
02:46
Because someone has to win,
49
166279
2188
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช,
02:48
the chance of player two winning is 36/36 minus 16/36,
50
168467
6035
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื 36/36 ืคื—ื•ืช 16/36,
02:54
or 20/36.
51
174502
2801
ืื• 20/36.
02:57
Those are the exact same probabilities we got by making our table.
52
177303
4106
ืืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื”.
03:01
But this doesn't mean that player two will win,
53
181409
2636
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื™ื ืฆื—,
03:04
or even that if you played 36 games as player two, you'd win 20 of them.
54
184045
5368
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื ืชืฉื—ืงื• 36 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2, ืชื–ื›ื• ื‘-20 ืžื”ื.
03:09
That's why events like dice rolling are called random.
55
189413
3211
ืœื›ืŸ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืœืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
03:12
Even though you can calculate the theoretical probability
56
192624
3279
ื’ื ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช
03:15
of each outcome,
57
195903
1512
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื”,
03:17
you might not get the expected results if you examine just a few events.
58
197415
4655
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช.
03:22
But if you repeat those random events many, many, many times,
59
202070
4347
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
03:26
the frequency of a specific outcome, like a player two win,
60
206417
3940
ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2,
03:30
will approach its theoretical probability,
61
210357
3061
ืชืชืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช โ€“
03:33
that value we got by writing down all the possibilities
62
213418
2954
ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
and counting up the ones for each outcome.
63
216372
2667
ื•ืกืคืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื”.
03:39
So, if you sat on that desert island playing dice forever,
64
219039
3955
ืื– ืื ืชืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืชื˜ื™ืœื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—,
03:42
player two would eventually win 56% of the games,
65
222994
3919
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื—ืงืŸ 2 ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘-56% ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
03:46
and player one would win 44%.
66
226913
3082
ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช 1 ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘-44% ืžื”ื.
03:49
But by then, of course, the banana would be long gone.
67
229995
3569
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืขืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7