Yes, scientists are actually building an elevator to space - Fabio Pacucci

806,030 views ใƒป 2021-12-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:08
Sending rockets into space requires sacrificing expensive equipment,
0
8880
5297
ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ,
00:14
burning massive amounts of fuel, and risking potential catastrophe.
1
14177
4671
ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง, ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
00:18
So in the space race of the 21st century,
2
18848
2836
ืื– ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 21,
00:21
some engineers are abandoning rockets for something much more exciting:
3
21684
5005
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉ:
00:26
elevators.
4
26689
1126
ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช.
00:28
Okay, so maybe riding an elevator to the stars
5
28274
3086
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
00:31
isn't the most thrilling mode of transportation.
6
31360
2670
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืœืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
00:34
But using a fixed structure to send smaller payloads
7
34030
3754
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:37
of astronauts and equipment into orbit
8
37784
2627
ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ
00:40
would be safer, easier, and cheaper than conventional rockets.
9
40411
4129
ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืงืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
00:45
On a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket,
10
45041
2794
ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืคืืœืงื•ืŸ 9 ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื™ืก ืืงืก,
00:47
every kilogram of cargo costs roughly $7,500 to carry into orbit.
11
47835
6966
ื›ืœ ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 7,500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ.
00:55
Space elevators are projected to reduce that cost by 95%.
12
55093
5505
ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ 95%.
01:00
Researchers have been investigating this idea since 1895,
13
60890
4213
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืื– 1895,
01:05
when a visit to what was then the world's tallest structure
14
65103
3253
ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:08
inspired Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
15
68356
4087
ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ืกื™ืœืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™.
01:12
Tsiolkovsky imagined a structure thousands of kilometers tall,
16
72819
4087
ื˜ืกื™ืœืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:16
but even a century later, no known material is strong enough
17
76906
4421
ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:21
to support such a building.
18
81327
1627
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื”.
01:23
Fortunately, the laws of physics offer a promising alternative design.
19
83204
4421
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
01:28
Imagine hopping on a fast-spinning carousel
20
88126
3503
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืงืจื•ืกืœื” ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
01:31
while holding a rope attached to a rock.
21
91629
2669
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืกืœืข.
01:34
As long as the carousel keeps spinning, the rock and rope will remain horizontal,
22
94590
5965
ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ืกืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ื”ืกืœืข ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื,
01:40
kept aloft by centrifugal force.
23
100555
2794
ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืชืžื“.
01:43
If you're holding the rope, you'll feel this apparent, inertial acceleration
24
103683
4754
ืื ืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ, ืืชื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ืืฆื” ื”ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
01:48
pulling the rock away from the center of the rotating carousel.
25
108437
3921
ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงืจื•ืกืœื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช.
01:53
Now, if we replace the carousel with Earth,
26
113025
3504
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืจื•ืกืœื” ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:56
the rope with a long tether, and the rock with a counterweight,
27
116529
4212
ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืš, ื•ื”ืกืœืข ืขื ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ื ื’ื“,
02:00
we have just envisioned the modern space elevatorโ€”
28
120741
3879
ื›ืจื’ืข ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืขืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช --
02:04
a cable pulled into space by the physics of our spinning planet.
29
124620
4797
ื›ื‘ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœื—ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:10
For this to work, the counterweight would need to be far enough away
30
130376
4004
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื—ื•ืง
02:14
that the centrifugal force generated by the Earth's spin
31
134380
3462
ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืชืžื“ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:17
is greater than the planet's gravitational pull.
32
137842
3420
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:21
These forces balance out at roughly 36,000 kilometers above the surface,
33
141262
5964
ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชืื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 36,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:27
so the counterweight should be beyond this height.
34
147226
2753
ืื– ื”ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”.
02:30
Objects at this specific distance are in geostationary orbit,
35
150521
4880
ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื’ืื• ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™,
02:35
meaning they revolve around Earth at the same rate the planet spins,
36
155401
4254
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช,
02:39
thus appearing motionless in the sky.
37
159822
3003
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
02:43
The counterweight itself could be anything,
38
163284
2586
ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:45
even a captured asteroid.
39
165870
2169
ืืคื™ืœื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื ืœื›ื“.
02:48
From here, the tether could be released down through the atmosphere
40
168039
3712
ืžืคื”, ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืœืžื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:51
and connected to a base station on the planet's surface.
41
171751
3587
ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:55
To maximize centrifugal acceleration,
42
175713
2586
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืฆื” ื”ืฆื ื˜ืจืคื•ื’ืœื™ืช,
02:58
this anchor point should be close to the Equator.
43
178299
2961
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.
03:01
And by making the loading station a mobile ocean base,
44
181510
3879
ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืขืžืกื” ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ืžื™ ื ื™ื™ื“,
03:05
the entire system could be moved at will,
45
185389
2837
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš,
03:08
allowing it to maneuver around extreme weather,
46
188226
2711
ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
03:10
and dodge debris and satellites in space.
47
190937
3461
ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
03:14
Once established, cargo could be loaded onto devices called climbers,
48
194565
4755
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื•ืงื, ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืžืก ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื,
03:19
which would pull packages along the cable and into orbit.
49
199320
3670
ืฉื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื•ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ.
03:23
These mechanisms would require huge amounts of electricity,
50
203783
3503
ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:27
which could be provided by solar panels or potentially even nuclear systems.
51
207286
4964
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:32
Current designs estimate that it would take about 8 days
52
212250
3253
ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืขืจืš 8 ื™ืžื™ื
03:35
to elevate an object into geostationary orbit.
53
215503
3545
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืฆื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื’ืื•ืกื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™.
03:39
And with proper radiation shielding,
54
219298
2169
ื•ืขื ื”ื’ื ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”,
03:41
humans could theoretically take the ride too.
55
221467
2920
ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ืกื•ืข.
03:44
So, what's stopping us from building this massive structure?
56
224762
3086
ืื–, ืžื” ืขื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”?
03:47
For one thing, a construction accident could be catastrophic.
57
227848
3963
ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชืื•ื ืช ื‘ื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช.
03:51
But the main problem lies in the cable itself.
58
231811
3587
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:55
In addition to supporting a massive amount of weight,
59
235523
2753
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœ,
03:58
the cable's material would have to be strong enough
60
238276
3003
ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง
04:01
to withstand the counterweight's pull.
61
241279
2085
ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื“.
04:03
And because this tension and the force of gravity would vary at different points,
62
243531
5172
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:08
its strength and thickness would need to vary as well.
63
248703
3837
ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:13
Engineered materials like carbon nanotubes and diamond nano-threads
64
253124
5130
ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื ื ื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ืœื•ื
04:18
seem like our best hope for producing materials
65
258254
3003
ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
04:21
strong and light enough for the job.
66
261257
2544
ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:24
But so far,
67
264218
1043
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:25
we've only been able to manufacture very small nanotube chains.
68
265261
4588
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืง ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื ื ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:29
Another option would be to build one somewhere with weaker gravity.
69
269849
4254
ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:34
Space elevators based on Mars or the Moon
70
274103
2794
ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ื™ืจื—
04:36
are already possible with existing materials.
71
276897
2753
ื›ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:39
But the huge economic advantage of owning an Earth-based space elevator
72
279775
5130
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืœื™ืช ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:44
has inspired numerous countries to try and crack this conundrum.
73
284905
4130
ื ืชื ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:49
In fact, some companies in China and Japan
74
289035
3586
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืคืŸ
04:52
are already planning to complete construction by 2050.
75
292621
4547
ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื” ืขื“ 2050.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7