Can you survive nuclear fallout? - Brooke Buddemeier and Jessica S. Wieder

2,064,940 views ใƒป 2019-01-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:06
The full scope of a nuclear detonation is almost unimaginable.
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ื”ื”ืงืฃ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืื•ืจ.
00:11
Hopefully, no one will ever experience another of these catastrophic incidents.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:16
But there is a scientifically supported plan of action
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืชืžื›ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”
00:20
that could save hundreds of thousands of lives
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:22
in the area surrounding a nuclear explosion.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
00:25
So what is this plan,
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
00:27
and what exactly would it protect us from?
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืชื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•?
00:30
To create their destructive blast,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืจืกื ื™,
00:32
these weapons harness the power of nuclear fissionโ€“
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ื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืจื•ืชืžื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ -
00:35
in which an atomโ€™s nucleus is split in two.
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ื‘ื”ื ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืข ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
00:39
This process produces an incredible amount of energy,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:42
and in some materials the neutrons produced by one fission
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ืื—ื“
00:46
are absorbed by nearby atoms,
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ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:49
splitting additional nuclei.
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
00:51
These chain reactions can produce a range of explosive yields,
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ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:55
but letโ€™s consider an explosion equivalent to 10,000 tons of TNT.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ 10,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ TNT.
01:01
An explosion like this would create
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:02
a fireball capable of decimating a few city blocks
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืฉ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:06
and a shockwave damaging buildings several kilometers away.
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ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืœื ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:10
There is tragically nothing that can be done
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:12
to save those in the fireballโ€™s radius.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืืœื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ.
01:15
However, for those in the shockwave and beyond,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ,
01:19
our scientifically supported protocol could be life saving.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืชืžืš ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:23
And though it may sound surprising,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืคืชื™ืข,
01:25
the best way to stay protected before, during, and after a nuclear detonation,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืœืคื ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
01:30
is getting inside.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”.
01:32
Similar to protecting yourself from tornadoes or hurricanes,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืื• ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ,
01:36
getting and staying inside a sturdy building would offer protection
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ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื”
01:40
from the explosionโ€™s shockwave, heat, and radiation.
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ืžื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ, ืžื”ื—ื•ื, ื•ืžื”ืงืจื™ื ื”.
01:43
The shockwave of energy would travel
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ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื ื•ืข
01:45
several kilometers beyond the fireballโ€™s radius in the first few seconds.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:50
Sturdy buildings within that range should be able to withstand the shockwave,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื,
01:55
and staying in the centers and basements of these buildings
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:58
also helps provide protection from heat and flying objects.
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ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื.
02:03
Finding shelter is especially important if the fireball occurs close to the earth,
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ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื—ืกื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
02:08
as it will pull thousands of tons of dirt and debris
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
02:12
several kilometers into the atmosphere.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:15
As the fireball cools,
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ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ ืžืชืงืจืจ,
02:17
unstable atoms created by the nuclear fission mix with the debris
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
02:21
to produce the most dangerous long-term effect of a nuclear detonation:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™:
02:25
radioactive particles called fallout.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืจืช.
02:29
These sand-sized particles emit ionizing radiation,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืืœื” ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื ื ืช,
02:33
capable of separating electrons from molecules and atoms.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:37
Exposure to massive amounts of this radiation can result in cell damage,
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ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจืก ืชืื™,
02:41
radiation burns, radiation sickness, cancer, and even death.
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ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื”, ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื™ื ื”, ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:47
Created several kilometers up,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:49
dangerous concentrations of this material
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:51
would be driven by upper atmospheric winds,
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ื™ื•ื ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
02:54
potentially leading to hazardous levels of fallout
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ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืจืช
02:57
in areas up to tens of kilometers downwind.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื—.
03:01
Thankfully, the same buildings that offer protection from the blast
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ
03:05
are even better at guarding against fallout.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ืฉื•ืจืช.
03:08
Radiation is reduced as it travels through space and mass.
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืœ ื•ืžืกื”.
03:12
So while a broken window and sealed window
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื
03:15
both have the same minimal effect on radiation,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”,
03:18
thick layers of steel, concrete, and packed earth
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ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื“ื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืคืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก
03:22
can offer serious protection.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
03:24
And since fallout gives off half of its energy in the first hour
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ืคื•ืœืช ืžืคื™ืฆื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:28
and 80% in the first day,
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ื• 80% ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
03:30
staying inside for 24 hours could dramatically improve the odds
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ืื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
03:35
of avoiding the most serious effects of radiation.
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ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”.
03:38
Following the blast there would be at least 15 minutes to find shelter
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื™ื”ื™ื• 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื—ืกื”
03:43
before the fallout begins.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืจืช ืชืชื—ื™ืœ.
03:45
Since the most hazardous fallout particles are the heaviest,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:48
they sink through the air
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
03:49
and collect on streets and rooftops,
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ื•ื ืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ื•ืช,
03:52
making ideal shelters underground or in the middle of high-rise buildings.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ืกื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข ืื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
03:57
But if someone were to get caught in the fallout,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ื ืฉื•ืจืช,
04:00
there are still measures they could take.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:02
After finding a safe space,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
04:04
they should remove their shoes and outer layers,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:07
wash any exposed skin,
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ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ,
04:09
and store the contaminated clothing far away.
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ื•ืœืื›ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง.
04:12
Once inside,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
04:13
plan on staying there for at least 24 hours.
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ืชื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืœืคื—ื•ืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
04:16
If the shelter is poor, or someone inside needs urgent medical attention,
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ืื ื”ืžื—ืกื” ื’ืจื•ืข, ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื“ื—ื•ืคื”,
04:20
try seeking outside help after an hour.
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ื ืกื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื”.
04:24
But ideally,
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04:24
stay inside and stay tuned for more information from first responders.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™,
ื”ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:29
While electric power, cell service, and Internet would be down,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:33
most radios would likely survive.
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉืจื“ื•.
04:36
So listen in for emergency responders
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ืื– ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืจื•ื
04:38
to determine the safest course forward.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœืื”.
04:41
Nuclear weapons are some of the most powerful tools of destruction on Earth,
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ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:45
and it may seem naive to put faith in these straightforward protective measures.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:49
But studies and simulations have repeatedly shown the benefits
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช
04:53
of getting inside.
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”.
04:55
So while weโ€™ll hopefully never need to,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš,
04:57
remember to Get Inside, Stay Inside, and Stay Tuned.
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ืื–ื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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