Who were the Vestal Virgins, and what was their job? - Peta Greenfield

9,888,228 views ใƒป 2017-05-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
A lone priestess walks towards an underground chamber.
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ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™.
00:10
People line the streets to watch as she proclaims her innocence.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืคื•ืชื”.
00:14
It doesn't matter.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
00:15
She's already been judged and found guilty.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืคื˜ื” ื•ื ืžืฆืื” ืืฉืžื”.
00:17
The sentence?
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ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ?
00:18
Live burial.
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ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:20
The underground chamber contains a portion of bread, water, milk, and oil.
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ื”ืชื ื”ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคืช ืœื—ื, ืžื™ื, ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืžืŸ.
00:25
She will have a lamp, a bed, and a blanket,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืฉืžื™ื›ื”,
00:27
but she won't emerge alive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืฆื ืžืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:30
At the threshold, the priestess pauses,
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ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ, ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ืขื•ืฆืจืช,
00:32
claims her innocence one last time,
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ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื—ืคื•ืชื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
00:35
then enters the chamber never to be seen again by the Roman people.
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื“.
00:39
The priestess is one of Rome's six Vestal Virgins,
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ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฉืฉ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื,
00:42
each carefully selected as children from Rome's most aristocratic families.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื.
00:48
But now with her death, there are only five,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ืžื•ืชื”, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื—ืžืฉ,
00:51
and a new priestess must be chosen.
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ื•ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ืจ.
00:53
The six-year-old Licinia witnessed the spectacle,
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืฉ ื—ื–ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืข,
00:56
never suspecting that a few days later, she'd be chosen as the next Vestal Virgin.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื” ื—ืฉื“ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
01:02
Her age, her patrician family lineage,
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ื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉื•ืฉืœืชื” ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช,
01:04
and her apparent good health
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
01:06
makes her the best candidate to serve the goddess Vesta in the eyes of the Romans.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื•ืกื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื.
01:11
Her parents are proud that their daughter's been chosen.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื ื ื‘ื—ืจื”.
01:14
Licinia is afraid, but she has no choice in the matter.
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื“ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:18
She must serve the goddess for at least the next 30 years.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช 30 ืฉื ื”.
01:22
For the first ten years of Licinia's service,
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ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื”,
01:24
she's considered in training, learning how to be a Vestal Virgin.
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื”, ื•ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
01:29
Her most important duty is keeping vigil over the flame of Vesta,
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ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืกื˜ื”,
01:33
the virgin goddess of the hearth.
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ื”ืืœื” ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—.
01:35
Vesta doesn't have a statue like other Roman gods and goddesses.
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ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืœ ื›ืžื• ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืืœื•ืช ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:39
Instead, she's represented by the flame which burns day and night in her temple
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื”,
01:44
located next to the Forum in the center of the city.
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:48
Like all Vestal priestesses, Licinia spends part of each day on shift,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืกื˜ื”, ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช,
01:52
watching and tending to the flame.
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ืฆื•ืคื” ื•ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืฉ.
01:55
The flame represents two things.
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ื”ืืฉ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:57
The first is the continuation of Rome as a power in the world.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื›ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:01
The Romans believed that if the flame goes out, the city's in danger.
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ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื”ืืฉ ืชื™ื›ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
02:05
The flame also symbolizes the continuing virginity of Vesta's priestesses.
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ื”ืœื”ื‘ื” ืžืกืžืœืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืกื˜ื”.
02:10
For the Romans, a Vestal's virginity signaled not only her castitas,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื˜ื•ื”ืจื”,
02:14
or modest spirit and body,
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ืื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื” ื•ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื,
02:17
but also her ritual purity.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื”ืจื” ื”ื˜ืงืกื™.
02:19
So Licinia knows she must never let the flame go out.
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ืื– ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืืฉ ืœื”ื™ื›ื‘ื•ืช.
02:22
Her life,
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ื—ื™ื™ื”,
02:23
the lives of her fellow Vestals,
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ื—ื™ื™ ืขืžื™ืชื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช,
02:25
and the safety of Rome itself depends upon it.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ืขืฆืžื”, ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืืช.
02:29
Licinia learns to collect water each day from a nearby fountain
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืžื–ืจืงื” ืกืžื•ื›ื”
02:33
to cleanse the temple.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
02:35
She learns the Fasti, the calendar of sacred rituals
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื˜ื™, ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:38
and she watches while the senior priestesses conduct sacrifices.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
02:43
By the time Licinia completes her training,
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ื›ืฉืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื”,
02:45
she's 16 years old.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืช 16.
02:47
Licinia understands that the way she must act
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’
02:50
is a reflection of the goddess she serves.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชืช.
02:53
When it's her turn to collect the water, she keeps her eyes lowered to the ground.
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืœื” ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืœืื“ืžื”.
02:57
When she performs sacrifices, she focuses intently on the task.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื”.
03:02
Licinia directs her energy towards being the best priestess she can be.
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:06
She's worried that someday the state will claim her life for its own purposes
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืชื‘ืข ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœื”
03:10
to protect itself from danger.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืžืกื›ื ื”.
03:13
Licinia could be accused of incestum, meaning unchastity,
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืฉืžืช ื‘ืื™ื ืกืกื˜ื•ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื”ืจื”,
03:16
at any time and be sacrificed whether she's innocent or guilty.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืืฉืžื” ืื• ื—ืคื” ืžืคืฉืข.
03:21
Licinia fully understands now why her predecessor was buried alive.
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ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื” ืงื•ื“ืžืชื” ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:26
Ten years ago, the flame of Vesta went out.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื”ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืกื˜ื” ื›ื‘ืชื”.
03:30
The priestesses knew that they couldn't keep it a secret.
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ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื•ื“.
03:33
The future of Rome depended upon it.
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ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
03:35
They went to the chief priest and he opened an investigation
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื”
03:38
to discover why the flame had failed.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžื” ื”ืืฉ ื›ืฉืœื”.
03:41
Someone came forward and claimed that one of the Vestals
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช
03:44
was no longer a virgin.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื”.
03:46
That was the beginning of the end.
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ื›ืš ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื”ืงืฅ.
03:47
The accused protested her innocence, but it wasn't enough.
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ื”ืžื•ืืฉืžืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื—ืคื•ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง.
03:51
She was tried and found guilty.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืคื˜ื” ื•ื ืžืฆืื” ืืฉืžื”.
03:54
That Vestal's death was meant to protect the city,
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ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ืช ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
03:57
but Licinia weeps for what has been lost and for what she knows now.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืงื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื“ ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:01
Her own path was paved by the death of another,
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ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœื” ื ืกืœืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจืช,
04:06
and her life could be taken just as easily
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงืœื•ืช
04:08
for something as simple as a flame going out.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืชื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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