How much land does it take to power the world?

529,779 views ใƒป 2021-03-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
No matter how we make electricity, it takes up space.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืงื•ื.
00:11
Electricity from coal requires mines, and plants to burn it
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืคื—ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื›ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืคื• ืื•ืชื•
00:15
and convert the heat into electricity.
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ื•ื™ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
00:18
Nuclear power takes uranium mines, facilities to refine the uranium,
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ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื, ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืœื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื,
00:22
a reactor, and a place to store the spent fuel safely.
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ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ.
00:26
Renewable energy needs wind turbines or solar panels.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
00:30
How much space depends on the power source.
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ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—.
00:33
Say you wanted to power a 10-watt light bulb with fossil fuels like coal.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 10 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืขื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื.
00:38
Fossil fuels can produce up to 2,000 watts per square meter,
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ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื“ 2000 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
00:43
so it would only take a credit card-sized chunk of land to power the light bulb.
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ืื– ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืจืง ืคื™ืกืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื•ืจื”.
00:48
With nuclear power, you might only need an area
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืฉื˜ื—
00:50
about the size of the palms of your hands.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื.
00:53
With solar power, youโ€™d need at least 0.3 square meters of landโ€”
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืืจื™, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 0.3 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” --
00:58
twice the size of a cafeteria tray.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ืฉื™ ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:01
Wind power would take roughly 7 square metersโ€”
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืจื•ื— ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื --
01:05
about half the size of a parking spaceโ€” to power the bulb.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื” -- ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื•ืจื”.
01:09
When you consider the space needed to power cities, countries,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืขืจื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
01:13
and the whole world, it adds up fast.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ.
01:16
Today, the world uses 3 trillion watts of electricity.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ 3 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:20
To power the entire world with only fossil fuels,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
01:24
youโ€™d need at least about 1,200 square kilometers of spaceโ€”
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ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›- 1200 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื --
01:28
roughly the area of Grand Bahama island.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื’ืจื ื“ ื‘ื”ืืžื”.
01:31
With nuclear energy, youโ€™d need almost four times as much space at a minimumโ€”
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื˜ื—, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช --
01:36
roughly 4,000 square kilometers, a little less than the area of Delaware.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 4000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื“ืœื•ื•ืจ.
01:41
With solar, youโ€™d need at least 95,000 square kilometers,
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 95,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
01:45
approximately the area of South Korea.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
01:48
With wind power, youโ€™d need two millionโ€” about the area of Mexico.
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ื•ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ -- ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
01:53
For each power source, thereโ€™s variability in how much power
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื—
01:56
it can generate per square meter,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
01:58
but these numbers give us a general sense of the space needed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ.
02:02
Of course, building energy infrastructure in a desert, a rainforest, a town,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื, ืขื™ืจ,
02:07
or even in the ocean are completely different prospects.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:11
And energy sources monopolize the space they occupy to very different extents.
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:17
Take wind power.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืจื•ื—.
02:18
Wind turbines need to be spread outโ€” sometimes half a kilometer apartโ€”
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจืฉ -- ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื–ื• ืžื–ื• --
02:23
so that the turbulence from one turbine
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
02:25
doesnโ€™t reduce the efficiency of the others.
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ืœื ื™ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:28
So, much of the land needed to generate wind power
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ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืจื•ื—
02:31
is still available for other uses.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:34
But the baseline amount of space still matters,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
02:37
because cities and other densely populated areas have high electricity demands,
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ื›ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ,
02:41
and space near them is often limited.
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ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœื™ื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
02:44
Our current power infrastructure works best
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ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
02:47
when electricity is generated where and when itโ€™s needed,
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ,
02:50
rather than being stored or sent across long distances.
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ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืื’ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
02:54
Still, space demands are only part of the equation.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
02:58
As of 2020, 2/3 of our electricity comes from fossil fuels.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ 2020, 2/3 ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:03
Every year, electricity generation is responsible for about 27%
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›- 27%
03:08
of the more than 50 billion tons of greenhouse gases
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
03:12
we add to the atmosphere,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:13
accelerating climate change and all its harms.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื•.
03:17
So although fossil fuels require the least space of our existing technologies,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
03:22
we canโ€™t continue to rely on them.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:25
Cost is another consideration.
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืื—ืจ.
03:27
Nuclear plants donโ€™t emit greenhouse gases and donโ€™t require much space,
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื,
03:32
but theyโ€™re way more expensive to build than solar panels or wind turbines,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื ืื• ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—,
03:36
and have waste to deal with.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
03:38
Renewables have almost no marginal costsโ€”
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ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื•ืช --
03:42
unlike with plants powered by fossil fuels,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:44
you donโ€™t need to keep purchasing fuel to generate electricity.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
03:48
But you do need lots of wind and sunlight,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ื— ื•ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
03:51
which are more available in some places than others.
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ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
03:55
No single approach will be the best option to power the entire world
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
03:59
while eliminating harmful greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
04:02
For some places, nuclear power might be the best option
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:05
for replacing fossil fuels.
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ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
04:07
Others, like the U.S., have the natural resources
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ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
04:10
to get most or all of their electricity from renewables.
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ืœืืกืคืงืช ืจื•ื‘ ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:14
And across the board, we should be working to make our power sources better:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื ื•:
04:19
safer in the case of nuclear,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
04:21
and easier to store and transport in the case of renewables.
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ื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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