A simple way to tell insects apart - Anika Hazra

299,580 views ใƒป 2018-04-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
A whip-like straw.
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ืงืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฉื•ื˜.
00:08
Powerful, crushing blades.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžืจืกืงื™ื.
00:11
A pointed, piercing tube.
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ื” ื•ืžื ืงื‘ืช.
00:13
There are nearly a million known insect species in the world,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:17
but most have one of just five common types of mouthparts.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคื”.
00:20
And thatโ€™s extremely useful to scientists
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:23
because when they encounter an unfamiliar insect in the wild,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ืจืง ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:26
they can learn a lot about it just by examining how it eats.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจืง ืžืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ.
00:30
Scientific classification, or taxonomy,
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ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืžื“ืขื™, ืื• ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”,
00:33
is used to organize all living things into seven levels:
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืข ืจืžื•ืช:
00:37
kingdom,
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ืžืžืœื›ื”,
00:38
phylum,
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ืžืขืจื›ื”,
00:39
class,
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ืžื—ืœืงื”,
00:40
order,
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ืกื“ืจื”,
00:41
family,
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ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
00:42
genus,
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ืกื•ื’
00:43
and species.
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ื•ืžื™ืŸ.
00:45
The features of an insectโ€™s mouthparts can help identify which order it belongs to,
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ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš,
00:50
while also providing clues about how it evolved and what it feeds on.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกืคืง ื’ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
00:56
The chewing mouthpart is the most common.
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ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
00:58
Itโ€™s also the most primitiveโ€”
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื --
01:00
all other mouthparts are thought to have started out looking like this one
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ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื”
01:04
before evolving into something different.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:06
It features a pair of jaws called mandibles
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื–ื•ื’ ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืœืกืชื•ืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช
01:09
with toothed inner edges that cut up and crush solid foods,
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ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื•ืžืจืกืงื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื,
01:13
like leaves or other insects.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:16
You can find this mouthpart on ants from the Hymenoptera order,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื,
01:19
grasshoppers and crickets of the Orthoptera order,
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ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื’ื‘ืื™ื,
01:22
dragonflies of the Odonata order,
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ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืจืื™ื
01:25
and beetles of the Coleoptera order.
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ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:28
The piercing-sucking mouthpart consists of a long, tube-like structure called a beak.
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ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžืงื•ืจ.
01:34
This beak can pierce plant or animal tissue
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืจืงืžืช ืฆืžื— ืื• ื—ื™ื”
01:37
to suck up liquids like sap or blood.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืฃ ืื• ื“ื.
01:39
It can also secrete saliva with digestive enzymes
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืจื•ืง ืขื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื›ืœื™ื
01:43
that liquefy food for easier sucking.
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ืฉืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืื™ื‘ื” ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:45
Insects in the Hemiptera order have piercing-sucking mouthparts
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ืœื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื
01:50
and include bed bugs,
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืคืฉืคืฉื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”,
01:51
cicadas,
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ืฆื™ืงื“ื•ืช,
01:52
aphids,
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ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:53
and leafhoppers.
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ื•ืชื™ืง ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช.
01:54
The siphoning mouthpart,
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ื”ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืงื–ื™ื,
01:55
a friendlier version of the piercing and sucking beak,
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ื’ืจืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื‘,
01:58
also consists of a long, tube-like structure called a proboscis
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ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืืจื•ืš ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื“ืง
02:03
that works like a straw to suck up nectar from flowers.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืงืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ื ืงื˜ืจ ืžืคืจื—ื™ื.
02:06
Insects of the Lepidoptera orderโ€”
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ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืคืจืคืจืื™ื --
02:08
butterflies and mothsโ€”
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ืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ื --
02:10
keep their proboscises rolled up tightly beneath their heads
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืง ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืืฉื
02:13
when theyโ€™re not feeding
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื
02:14
and unfurl them when they come across some sweet nectar.
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ื•ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืฃ ืžืชื•ืง.
02:18
With the sponging mouthpart, thereโ€™s yet another tube,
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ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช,
02:21
this time ending in two spongy lobes
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ื”ืคืขื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:23
that contain many finer tubes called pseudotracheae.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืคืกื•ื“ื•ื˜ืจืื›ื™.
02:27
The pseudotracheae secrete enzyme-filled saliva
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ื”ืคืกื•ื“ื•ื˜ืจืื›ื™ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืง ืžืœื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
02:30
and soak up fluids and dissolved foods by capillary action.
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ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื™ืžื™ืช.
02:35
House flies,
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ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืช,
02:36
fruit flies,
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ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช,
02:37
and the other non-biting members of the Diptera order
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ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ืื™ื
02:40
are the only insects that use this technique.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
02:43
But, thereโ€™s a catch.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืงืื˜ืฅ'.
02:44
Biting flies within Diptera,
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ืœื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ืื™ื
02:46
like mosquitoes,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
02:47
horse flies,
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ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื,
02:48
and deer flies,
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ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื™ื,
02:49
have a piercing-sucking mouthpart instead of the sponging mouthpart.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
02:54
And finally, the chewing-lapping mouthpart is a combination of mandibles
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืคื” ื”ืœื•ืขืก ืžืœืงืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœืกืชื•ืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช
02:58
and a proboscis with a tongue-like structure at its tip
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ื•ื—ื“ืง ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื”
03:01
for lapping up nectar.
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ืœืœื™ืงื•ืง ื ืงื˜ืจ.
03:03
On this type of mouthpart,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื”
03:05
the mandibles themselves are not actually used for eating.
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ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื”.
03:08
For bees and wasps, members of the Hymenoptera order,
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ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืจืขื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื
03:12
they serve instead as tools for pollen-collecting and wax-molding.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื›ืœื™ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”.
03:17
Of course, in nature, there are always exceptions to the rules.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
03:20
The juvenile stages of some insects, for example,
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ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:23
have completely different kinds of mouths than their adult versions,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
03:27
like caterpillars, which use chewing mouthparts to devour leaves
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื—ืœื™ื, ืขื ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืจืกื ืขืœื™ื
03:30
before metamorphosing into butterflies and moths
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ื
03:33
with siphoning mouthparts.
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ืขื ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื–ื™ื.
03:35
Still, mouthpart identification can, for the most part,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืœืจื•ื‘,
03:38
help scientistsโ€”and you โ€”categorize insects.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื -- ื•ืœื›ื - ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
03:41
So why not break out a magnifying lens
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช
03:43
and learn a little more about whoโ€™s nibbling your vegetable garden,
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื›ืจืกื ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืง ืฉืœื›ื,
03:47
biting your arm,
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ื ื•ืฉืš ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื›ื,
03:48
or just flying by your ear.
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ืื• ืจืง ืžืจื—ืฃ ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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