A simple way to tell insects apart - Anika Hazra

303,011 views ใƒป 2018-04-03

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์„ฑ์ฒ  ํ•˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
A whip-like straw.
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๋ˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋นจ๋Œ€.
00:08
Powerful, crushing blades.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ, ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์นผ๋‚ .
00:11
A pointed, piercing tube.
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๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋šซ๋Š” ํŠœ๋ธŒ.
00:13
There are nearly a million known insect species in the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 100๋งŒ ์ข…์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:17
but most have one of just five common types of mouthparts.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:20
And thatโ€™s extremely useful to scientists
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
because when they encounter an unfamiliar insect in the wild,
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์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‚ฏ์„  ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด
00:26
they can learn a lot about it just by examining how it eats.
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๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Scientific classification, or taxonomy,
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฒ•์€
00:33
is used to organize all living things into seven levels:
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
kingdom,
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๊ณ„,
00:38
phylum,
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๋ฌธ,
00:39
class,
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๊ฐ•,
00:40
order,
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๋ชฉ,
00:41
family,
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๊ณผ,
00:42
genus,
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์†,
00:43
and species.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
The features of an insectโ€™s mouthparts can help identify which order it belongs to,
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๊ณค์ถฉ์˜ ์ž…ํ‹€์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชฉ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
00:50
while also providing clues about how it evolved and what it feeds on.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
The chewing mouthpart is the most common.
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์”น๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:58
Itโ€™s also the most primitiveโ€”
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์›์‹œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
all other mouthparts are thought to have started out looking like this one
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…ํ‹€์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
before evolving into something different.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”์š”.
01:06
It features a pair of jaws called mandibles
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐํ„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ„ฑ ํ•œ์Œ์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
with toothed inner edges that cut up and crush solid foods,
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์•ˆ์ชฝ์˜ ์ด๋นจ์ด ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ˆฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
like leaves or other insects.
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01:16
You can find this mouthpart on ants from the Hymenoptera order,
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๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž…ํ‹€์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
grasshoppers and crickets of the Orthoptera order,
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์ง์‹œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ท€๋šœ๋ผ๋ฏธ,
01:22
dragonflies of the Odonata order,
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์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€
01:25
and beetles of the Coleoptera order.
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๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
01:28
The piercing-sucking mouthpart consists of a long, tube-like structure called a beak.
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๊ฟฐ๋šซ์–ด ๋น ๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์€ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธด ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
This beak can pierce plant or animal tissue
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์ด ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ 
01:37
to suck up liquids like sap or blood.
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์ˆ˜์•ก์ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
It can also secrete saliva with digestive enzymes
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๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œํ™” ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ€์•ก์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
01:43
that liquefy food for easier sucking.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์•กํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Insects in the Hemiptera order have piercing-sucking mouthparts
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๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ์€ ๊ฟฐ๋šซ์–ด ๋น ๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:50
and include bed bugs,
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๋นˆ๋Œ€
01:51
cicadas,
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๋ฉ”๋ฏธ
01:52
aphids,
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์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ
01:53
and leafhoppers.
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๋ฉธ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
The siphoning mouthpart,
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ํก์ž…๊ด€ ์ž…ํ‹€์€
01:55
a friendlier version of the piercing and sucking beak,
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๊ฟฐ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋น ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ๋ฐ
01:58
also consists of a long, tube-like structure called a proboscis
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์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธด ํŠœ๋ธŒํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด
02:03
that works like a straw to suck up nectar from flowers.
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๊ฝƒ์˜ ๊ฟ€๋ฌผ์„ ๋นจ์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นจ๋Œ€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
Insects of the Lepidoptera orderโ€”
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๋‚˜๋น„๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ธ
02:08
butterflies and mothsโ€”
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๋‚˜๋น„์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์€
02:10
keep their proboscises rolled up tightly beneath their heads
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๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ๋ง๊ณ 
02:13
when theyโ€™re not feeding
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02:14
and unfurl them when they come across some sweet nectar.
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๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๊ฟ€๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ํŽผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
With the sponging mouthpart, thereโ€™s yet another tube,
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ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
this time ending in two spongy lobes
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜์—ฝ์ด ๋์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
02:23
that contain many finer tubes called pseudotracheae.
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๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
The pseudotracheae secrete enzyme-filled saliva
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๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ํƒ€์•ก์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:30
and soak up fluids and dissolved foods by capillary action.
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๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ก์ฒด์™€ ์•ก์ƒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
House flies,
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์ง‘ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ,
02:36
fruit flies,
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์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ,
02:37
and the other non-biting members of the Diptera order
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์ง€์•Š๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ์€
02:40
are the only insects that use this technique.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
But, thereโ€™s a catch.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Biting flies within Diptera,
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ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ชฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:46
like mosquitoes,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ,
02:47
horse flies,
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๋“ฑ์—,
02:48
and deer flies,
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์‚ฌ์ŠดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:49
have a piercing-sucking mouthpart instead of the sponging mouthpart.
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ํก์ˆ˜ ์ž…ํ‹€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฟฐ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋น ๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
And finally, the chewing-lapping mouthpart is a combination of mandibles
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์”น๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์€ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ํ•ฉํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
02:58
and a proboscis with a tongue-like structure at its tip
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ํ˜€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋์— ์žˆ์–ด
03:01
for lapping up nectar.
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๊ฟ€๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
On this type of mouthpart,
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์ž…ํ‹€์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:05
the mandibles themselves are not actually used for eating.
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์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋จน์ด ๋จน๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
For bees and wasps, members of the Hymenoptera order,
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๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ธ ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์€
03:12
they serve instead as tools for pollen-collecting and wax-molding.
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๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ฒŒ์ง‘ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Of course, in nature, there are always exceptions to the rules.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
The juvenile stages of some insects, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณค์ถฉ์˜ ์œ ์ถฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
03:23
have completely different kinds of mouths than their adult versions,
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์„ฑ์ถฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
like caterpillars, which use chewing mouthparts to devour leaves
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์žŽ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์”น๋Š” ์ž…ํ‹€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
03:30
before metamorphosing into butterflies and moths
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๋‚˜๋น„๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํก์ˆ˜๊ด€ ์ž…ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐ–์ฃ .
03:33
with siphoning mouthparts.
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03:35
Still, mouthpart identification can, for the most part,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž…ํ‹€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
03:38
help scientistsโ€”and you โ€”categorize insects.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
So why not break out a magnifying lens
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ
03:43
and learn a little more about whoโ€™s nibbling your vegetable garden,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ํ…ƒ๋ฐญ์˜ ์•ผ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน๋Š”์ง€
03:47
biting your arm,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŒ”์„ ๋ฌด๋Š”์ง€
03:48
or just flying by your ear.
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๊ท€ ์˜†์„ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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