The rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mostafa Minawi

1,475,075 views ใƒป 2021-01-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 13, ืื•ืกืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ืงื˜ื ื”,
00:07
In the late 13th century, Osman I established a small beylik,
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or principality, in what is now Turkey.
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ืื• ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”.
00:15
In just a few generations, this beylik outmaneuvered more powerful neighbors
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:19
to become the vast Ottoman empire.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
00:23
What enabled its rapid rise?
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ืžื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”?
00:26
In Osmanโ€™s time, the Anatolian peninsula was a patchwork of Turkic principalities
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืžืŸ, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื•ืช
00:32
sandwiched between a crumbling Byzantine Empire
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ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืคื•ืจืจืช
00:35
and weakened Sultanate of the Seljuk of Rum.
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ื•ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื’โ€™ื•ืง ืžืจื•ื.
00:39
Osman quickly expanded this territory
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ืื•ืกืžืŸ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
00:41
through a mixture of strategic political alliances
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ื“ืจืš ืขืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
00:44
and military conflicts with these neighbors,
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ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:47
attracting mercenaries first with the promise of booty,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ ื—ืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืฉืœืœ,
00:50
then later through his reputation for winning.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ืžื ืฆื—.
00:53
Osman was the first in a line of Ottoman rulers distinguished
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ืื•ืกืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
00:57
by their political shrewdness.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:59
Often prioritizing political and military utility over ethnic or religious affinity,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชืขื“ืคื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืืชื ื™ ื•ื“ืชื™,
01:05
they expanded their influence by fighting along certain sides when needed,
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ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœืฆื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš,
01:09
and fighting against them when the time was right.
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ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ื ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:13
After Osmanโ€™s death his son Orhan
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืžืืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืจื”ืืŸ
01:16
established a sophisticated military organization and tax collection system
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ื”ืงื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื
01:21
geared towards funding quick territorial expansion.
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
01:25
The Ottomansโ€™ first major expansion was in the Balkans, in southeast Europe.
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ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืœืงืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:30
The military employed a mixture of Turkic warriors and Byzantine
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
01:34
and other Balkan Christian converts.
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ื•ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ.
01:37
They captured thousands of young Christian boys
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ื”ื ืœื›ื“ื• ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
01:40
from villages from across the Balkans,
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ืžื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ,
01:42
converted them to Islam, and trained them to become the backbone
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ื”ืžื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืืกืœืื, ื•ืื™ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉืœื“
01:46
of a fierce military elite force known as the Janissaries.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’โ€™ื ื™ืกืจื™ื.
01:50
The captured enslaved boys could rise to the high position of a vizier
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื–ื™ืจ
01:55
in the Ottoman government.
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ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžื ื™.
01:56
Rulers of conquered areas were also allowed, even encouraged,
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื™ืคืฉืจื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ื“ื•,
02:00
to convert to Islam and take positions in the Ottoman government.
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ื”ืžืจื” ืœืืกืœืื ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™.
02:04
Meanwhile, non-Muslims who belonged to Abrahamic religions
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœื-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช
02:08
were allowed religious freedom in exchange for a tax known as Jizye,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืก ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’โ€™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื”,
02:13
among other strict conditionsโ€”
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
02:15
for example, they were not allowed to join the army.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฆื‘ื.
02:19
By the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans had conquered or subordinated
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”14, ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื•
02:23
most of the Anatolian beyliks as well as the Balkans.
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืงื ื™ื.
02:27
But in the first half of the 15th century,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”15,
02:30
as Sultan Beyazit I focused on Western expansion,
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื–ื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื”,
02:34
the Central Asian ruler Timur attacked from the east.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ืชืงืฃ ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—.
02:38
He captured Beyazit and carted him off in an iron cage,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืื–ื™ื˜ ื•ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
ืžื” ืฉืคืชื— ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉื”
02:42
sparking a ten year struggle for succession
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02:44
that almost destroyed the Ottoman empire.
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ืช.
02:48
Sultan Murad II turned this trend around,
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ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ืžื•ืจืื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื”,
02:51
but fell short of one of his loftiest goals:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช:
02:54
capturing the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
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ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ.
02:58
His son, Sultan Mehmed II, or Mehmed the Conqueror,
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ื‘ื ื•, ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ืžื”ืžื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื• ืžื”ืžื“ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ,
03:02
vowed to succeed where his father had failed.
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ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื ื›ืฉืœ.
03:05
In preparation for the attack on Constantinople,
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ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ,
03:08
he hired a Hungarian engineer to forge the largest cannon in the world,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:14
used Serbian miners to dig tunnels under the walls of the city,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ,
03:18
and ordered his fleet of ships to be carried overland,
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืฆื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
03:21
attacking the city from an unexpected direction.
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ื•ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
03:25
He laid siege to the city and in the spring of 1453,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1453,
03:29
Constantinople fell to the Ottomans.
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ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื ืคืœื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื.
ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™, ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ,
03:32
It would become the Ottoman capital, known by its common Greek name, Istanbul,
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03:37
meaning โ€œto the city.โ€
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” โ€œืœืขื™ืจ.โ€
03:40
By the time Mehmed II conquered Constantinople,
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื”ืžื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ,
03:43
the city was a shadow of its former glory.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืชืคืืจืช ืขื‘ืจื”.
03:46
Under Ottoman rule, it flourished once again.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™, ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
03:50
On an average day in Istanbul, you could hear people speaking Greek, Turkish,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช,
03:55
Armenian, Persian, Arabic, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Serbian.
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ืืจืžื ื™ืช, ืคืจืกื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช, ืืœื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืกืจื‘ื™ืช.
04:00
Architects like the famous Sinan filled the city with splendid mosques
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื ืืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื
04:05
and other buildings commissioned by the sultans.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื.
04:07
Through Istanbul, the Otttomans brought commodities like coffee to Europe.
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ื“ืจืš ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืคื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
04:12
They entered a golden age of economic growth,
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ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
04:15
territorial acquisition, art and architecture.
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ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
04:19
They brought together craftspeople from across Europe, Africa,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืžื ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
04:22
the Middle East and Central Asia to create a unique blend of cultural innovation.
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ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
04:28
Iznik ceramics, for example,
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ืงืจืžื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ื–ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:30
were made using techniques from Chinaโ€™s Ming dynasty,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืžื™ื ื’ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
04:33
reimagined with Ottoman motifs.
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ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื.
04:36
The Ottomans would continue to expand,
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ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘,
04:38
cementing their political influence and lucrative trade routes.
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ื•ืžื™ืฆืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:42
The empire lasted for more than 600 years and, at its peak,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 600 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืื”,
04:46
stretched from Hungary to the Persian Gulf,
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ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืœืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืคืจืกื™,
04:49
from the Horn of Africa to the Crimean Peninsula.
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ืžืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืงืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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