The rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mostafa Minawi

1,349,188 views ・ 2021-01-21

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 예빈 ν—ˆ κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
13μ„ΈκΈ° 말에, 였슀만 1μ„ΈλŠ” ν˜„μž¬ νŠ€λ₯΄ν‚€μ—μ˜ 지역에
00:07
In the late 13th century, Osman I established a small beylik,
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00:12
or principality, in what is now Turkey.
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μž‘μ€ 뢀락을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
In just a few generations, this beylik outmaneuvered more powerful neighbors
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단 λͺ‡ μ„ΈλŒ€ 후에 이 뢀락은 μ£Όλ³€ 이웃듀을 이기고
00:19
to become the vast Ottoman empire.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 였슀만 제ꡭ이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
What enabled its rapid rise?
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무엇이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λΉ λ₯Έ μ„±μž₯을 κ°€ λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:26
In Osman’s time, the Anatolian peninsula was a patchwork of Turkic principalities
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였슀만 μ‹œλŒ€μ—, μ•„λ‚˜ν†¨λ¦¬μ•ˆ λ°˜λ„λŠ” νŠ€λ₯΄ν¬ 쑱의 뢀락이
00:32
sandwiched between a crumbling Byzantine Empire
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λ©Έλ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λΉ„μž”ν‹΄ 제ꡭ과
00:35
and weakened Sultanate of the Seljuk of Rum.
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셀주크 민쑱의 νž˜μ„ μžƒμ€ λ£Έ μˆ νƒ„κ΅­ 사이에 λΌμ–΄μžˆλ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Osman quickly expanded this territory
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μ˜€μŠ€λ§Œμ€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ˜ν† λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:41
through a mixture of strategic political alliances
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μ •μΉ˜λ™λ§Ή μ „λž΅κ³Ό
00:44
and military conflicts with these neighbors,
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μ΄μ›ƒν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ™€μ˜ κ΅°μ‚¬λŒ€λ¦½μ„ μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
attracting mercenaries first with the promise of booty,
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이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μš©λ³‘ λͺ¨μ§‘을 μœ„ν•΄ μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μ „λ¦¬ν’ˆμ„ λ‚˜λˆ„κ² λ‹€ μ•½μ†ν–ˆκ³ 
00:50
then later through his reputation for winning.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” 승리λ₯Ό 톡해 얻은 λͺ…성을 μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
Osman was the first in a line of Ottoman rulers distinguished
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μ˜€μŠ€λ§Œμ€ 였슀만 제ꡭ의 첫 번째 μ§€λ„μžλ‘œμ„œ
00:57
by their political shrewdness.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  μˆ˜μ™„κ°€μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Often prioritizing political and military utility over ethnic or religious affinity,
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λ―Όμ‘±κ³Ό 쒅ꡐ가 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 것보닀 μ •μΉ˜λ‚˜ ꡰ사 νš¨μš©μ„ μ€‘μš”μ‹œν•˜λ©°
01:05
they expanded their influence by fighting along certain sides when needed,
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그듀은 ν•„μš”ν• λ•Œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ„Έλ ₯κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹Έμš°κ³ 
01:09
and fighting against them when the time was right.
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ν•„μš”ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό μ‹Έμš°λ©° μ„Έλ ₯을 λ„“ν˜€ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:13
After Osman’s death his son Orhan
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였슀만의 μ£½μŒν›„ 그의 μ•„λ“€ 였λ₯΄ν•œμ€
01:16
established a sophisticated military organization and tax collection system
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ꡰ사쑰직 μ „λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆκ³  μ„ΈκΈˆ μ§•μˆ˜ μ œλ„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
geared towards funding quick territorial expansion.
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이것듀은 λΉ λ₯Έ μ˜ν†  ν™•μž₯에 κΈ°μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
The Ottomans’ first major expansion was in the Balkans, in southeast Europe.
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였슀만 제ꡭ의 첫 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ˜ν† ν™•μž₯은 λ°œμΉΈλ°˜λ„, 남동μͺ½ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
The military employed a mixture of Turkic warriors and Byzantine
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κ΅°λŒ€λŠ” νŠ€λ₯΄ν¬ 전사, λΉ„μž”ν‹΄κ³Ό
01:34
and other Balkan Christian converts.
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λ°œμΉΈλ°˜λ„μ˜ κ°œμ’…ν•œ 기독ꡐ듀을 μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
They captured thousands of young Christian boys
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그듀은 λ°œμΉΈλ°˜λ„μ˜ λͺ‡μ²œ λͺ…에 λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ¦° 기독ꡐ인듀을 μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘μ•„
01:40
from villages from across the Balkans,
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01:42
converted them to Islam, and trained them to become the backbone
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그듀을 이슬람ꡐ둜 κ°œμ’…μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
01:46
of a fierce military elite force known as the Janissaries.
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μ˜ˆλ‹ˆμ²΄λ¦¬λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ •μ˜ˆλΆ€λŒ€μ˜ μ€‘μΆ”λ‘œ ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
The captured enslaved boys could rise to the high position of a vizier
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μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘ν˜€ λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ 된 아이듀을 였슀만 제ꡭ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
01:55
in the Ottoman government.
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λΆ€κ΄€μ΄λΌλŠ” 높은 μžλ¦¬κΉŒμ§€ 였λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
Rulers of conquered areas were also allowed, even encouraged,
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μ •λ³΅λœ μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ •λ³΅μžλ“€μ€ 이슬람ꡐ둜 κ°œμ’…ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄
02:00
to convert to Islam and take positions in the Ottoman government.
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였슀만 제ꡭ의 보직을 맑도둝 ν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν•˜λ„λ‘ μž₯λ €ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Meanwhile, non-Muslims who belonged to Abrahamic religions
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ•„λΈŒλΌν•¨ 쒅ꡐ에 μ†Œμ†λœ 무슬림이 μ•„λ‹Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
02:08
were allowed religious freedom in exchange for a tax known as Jizye,
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μ’…κ΅μ˜ 자유λ₯Ό μ„ΈκΈˆ λ‚©λΆ€ 그리고 μ§€μ œλΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§„
02:13
among other strict conditionsβ€”
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κ΅°λŒ€μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κΈˆμ§€λ˜λŠ” λ“±μ˜ μ—„κ²©ν•œ μ œν•œκ³Ό
02:15
for example, they were not allowed to join the army.
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λ§žλ°”κΎΈμ–΄ μ‚΄μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
By the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans had conquered or subordinated
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14μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 였슀만 μ œκ΅­μ€
02:23
most of the Anatolian beyliks as well as the Balkans.
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μ•„λ‚˜ν†¨λ¦¬μ•„ 지역과 λ°œμΉΈμ§€μ—­μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ μ •λ³΅ν•˜κ³  κ΅΄λ³΅μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
But in the first half of the 15th century,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 15μ„ΈκΈ° 초 λ² μ΄μ§€νŠΈ μˆ νƒ„μ΄
02:30
as Sultan Beyazit I focused on Western expansion,
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μ„œλΆ€ ν™•μž₯에 μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
02:34
the Central Asian ruler Timur attacked from the east.
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μ€‘μ•™μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜μž ν‹°λ¨Έκ°€ 동μͺ½μ—μ„œ 곡격해왔고
02:38
He captured Beyazit and carted him off in an iron cage,
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λ² μ΄μ§€νŠΈλ₯Ό 포둜둜 μž‘μ•„ 철창에 κ°€λ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것은 왕ꡭ을 거의 νŒŒκ΄΄μ‹œν‚¬ λ»”ν•œ
02:42
sparking a ten year struggle for succession
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02:44
that almost destroyed the Ottoman empire.
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μ™•μ’Œλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•œ 10λ…„ κ°„μ˜ μ „μŸμ„ μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Sultan Murad II turned this trend around,
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μˆ νƒ„ λ¬΄λΌλ“œ 2μ„Έκ°€ μ œκ΅­μ„ κ΅¬μ›ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:51
but fell short of one of his loftiest goals:
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그의 λͺ©μ  쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
capturing the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
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κ·Έ λͺ©μ μ€ λΉ„μž”ν‹΄ 제ꡭ의 μˆ˜λ„ μ½˜μŠ€νƒ€λ‹ˆλ…Έν”Œμ„ μ λ Ήν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
His son, Sultan Mehmed II, or Mehmed the Conqueror,
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그의 μ•„λ“€ λ©”νλ©”λ“œ 2μ„ΈλŠ”
03:02
vowed to succeed where his father had failed.
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아버지가 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ 것을 μ„±κ³΅μ‹œν‚€κ² λ‹€κ³  λ‹€μ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:05
In preparation for the attack on Constantinople,
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μ½˜μŠ€νƒ„ν‹°λ…Έν”Œμ„ 침곡을 μœ„ν•΄ μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
03:08
he hired a Hungarian engineer to forge the largest cannon in the world,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν—κ°€λ¦¬μ˜ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ₯Ό κ³ μš©ν•΄ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 λŒ€ν¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆκ³ 
03:14
used Serbian miners to dig tunnels under the walls of the city,
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μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„μ•ˆ 광뢀듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ λ„μ‹œμ˜ μž₯λ²½ λ°‘μœΌλ‘œ ꡬ멍을 뚫고
03:18
and ordered his fleet of ships to be carried overland,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ°°λ₯Ό 뭍으둜 올리라 μ§€μ‹œν•΄
03:21
attacking the city from an unexpected direction.
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μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
He laid siege to the city and in the spring of 1453,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 1453λ…„μ˜ 봄에 λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό μ λ Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
Constantinople fell to the Ottomans.
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μ½˜μŠ€νƒ„ν‹°λ…Έν”Œμ€ 였슀만 μ œκ΅­μ—κ²Œ ν•¨λ½λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 λ„μ‹œλŠ” 곧 였슀만 제ꡭ의 μˆ˜λ„κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³  β€˜λ„μ‹œλ‘œ κ°€λŠ”β€™ μ΄λΌλŠ” 뜻인
03:32
It would become the Ottoman capital, known by its common Greek name, Istanbul,
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03:37
meaning β€œto the city.”
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κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ–΄ μ΄μŠ€νƒ„λΆˆμ΄λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
By the time Mehmed II conquered Constantinople,
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λ©”νλ©”λ“œ 2μ„Έκ°€ μ½˜μŠ€νƒ„ν‹°λ…Έν”Œμ„ μ λ Ήν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:43
the city was a shadow of its former glory.
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λ„μ‹œλŠ” 이전 번영의 ν”μ λ§Œ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
Under Ottoman rule, it flourished once again.
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였슀만 제ꡭ의 ν†΅μΉ˜ μ•„λž˜ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ μ „μ„±κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
On an average day in Istanbul, you could hear people speaking Greek, Turkish,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ΄μŠ€νƒ„λΆˆμ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ–΄, ν„°ν‚€μ–΄
03:55
Armenian, Persian, Arabic, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Serbian.
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μ•„λ₯΄λ©”λ‹ˆμ•„μ–΄, 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„μ–΄, μ•„λžμ–΄, λΆˆκ°€λ¦¬μ•„μ–΄, μ•Œλ°”λ‹ˆμ•„μ–΄μ™€ μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„μ•„μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Architects like the famous Sinan filled the city with splendid mosques
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잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ‹ μ•ˆκ³Ό 같은 건좕가듀이 ν™”λ €ν•œ λͺ¨μŠ€ν¬λ‘œ λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό μž₯μ‹ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
and other buildings commissioned by the sultans.
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그리고 μˆ νƒ„λ“€μ΄ μ˜λ’°ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ±΄λ¬Όλ“€λ„μš”.
04:07
Through Istanbul, the Otttomans brought commodities like coffee to Europe.
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였슀만 제ꡭ이 μ΄μŠ€νƒ„λΆˆμ„ 톡해 컀피 같은 μƒν’ˆλ“€μ„ 유럽으둜 κ°€μ Έμ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
They entered a golden age of economic growth,
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경제 μ„±μž₯, μ˜ν†  νšλ“, 예술과 κ±΄μΆ•μ˜
04:15
territorial acquisition, art and architecture.
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ν™©κΈˆκΈ°μ— μ ‘μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
They brought together craftspeople from across Europe, Africa,
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그듀은 λ¬Έν™” ν˜μ‹ μ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ 쑰합을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:22
the Middle East and Central Asia to create a unique blend of cultural innovation.
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유럽, 아프리카, 쀑동, μ€‘μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ— κ³΅μ˜ˆκ°€λ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Iznik ceramics, for example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μ΄μ¦ˆλ‹ˆν¬μ˜ λ„μžκΈ°λŠ”
04:30
were made using techniques from China’s Ming dynasty,
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μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ λͺ…λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 기술둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œκ³ 
04:33
reimagined with Ottoman motifs.
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였슀만 λ¬Έμ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μž¬νƒ„μƒ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
The Ottomans would continue to expand,
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였슀만 μ œκ΅­μ„ νŒ½μ°½μ„ 계속할 것이고
04:38
cementing their political influence and lucrative trade routes.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  영ν–₯λ ₯κ³Ό μˆ˜μ΅μ„±μ΄ 쒋은 λ¬΄μ—­λ‘œλ₯Ό 확보할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
The empire lasted for more than 600 years and, at its peak,
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제ꡭ 600λ…„ 이상 μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆκ³  μ „μ„±κΈ°μ—λŠ”
04:46
stretched from Hungary to the Persian Gulf,
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ν—κ°€λ¦¬μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„ 만
04:49
from the Horn of Africa to the Crimean Peninsula.
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크림 λ°˜λ„μ˜ 아프리카 λΆλ™λΆ€μ§€μ—­κΉŒμ§€ λ»—μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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