The ABC's of gas: Avogadro, Boyle, Charles - Brian Bennett

212,798 views ใƒป 2012-10-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Orr Schlesinger
00:14
In society, we have to follow laws that maintain order.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ.
00:18
Did you know all chemical matter follows certain laws as well?
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื?
00:22
In fact, we can describe those laws by looking at relationships.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
00:26
Some easy laws to begin with are the ones that govern the gases.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ืชื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื.
00:31
Back in 1662, Robert Boyle realized that gases had an interesting response
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ื‘1662, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
00:36
when he put them into containers and changed their volume.
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ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคื—.
00:39
Take an empty bottle and put the cap on it, closing that container.
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ืงื—ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืจื™ืง ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ืคืงืง, ื›ืš ืชืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ.
00:42
Now squeeze your bottle, and what happens?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืขื›ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
00:45
The pressure inside the bottle increases when the size of the container decreases.
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื ืคื— ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:50
You can only crush that container so much until the gases inside push back on your hand.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืจืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื.
00:55
This is called an inverse proportion, and it changes at the same rate for every gas.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื™ื—ืก ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื’ื–.
01:00
Boyle's law allows chemists to predict the volume of any gas at any given pressure
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ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ื’ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฅ
01:05
because the relationship is always the same.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื”ื”.
01:09
In 1780, Jacques Charles noticed a different relationship between gases and their temperature.
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ื‘1780, ื’'ืืง ืฆืืจืœืก ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:14
If you've ever seen a hot-air balloon, you've seen this law in action.
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจื—, ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:18
When the ballons are laid out, they're totally flat.
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืจืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:20
Instead of blowing the balloon up like a party balloon, they use a giant flame to heat the air inside that envelope.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืคื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช.
01:26
As the air is heated up, the balloon begins to inflate as the gas volume increases.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชื—ืžื, ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืคื— ื›ืฉื ืคื— ื”ื’ื– ื’ื“ืœ.
01:31
The hotter the gas becomes, the larger the volume, and that's Charles' law.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื– ืžืชื—ืžื, ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื ืคื—, ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ืฆ'ืืจืœืก.
01:35
Notice this law is different from Boyle's.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืง ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืœ.
01:38
Charles' law is a direct relationship.
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ื—ื•ืง ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืก ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:40
As the temperature increases, the volume increases as well.
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื ืคื— ื’ื“ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื.
01:44
The third law is also easily demonstrated.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื’ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
01:46
When you're blowing up party balloons, the volume increases.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ืคื— ื’ื“ืœ.
01:49
As you are blowing, you're forcing more and more gas particles into the balloon from your lungs.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื, ืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื– ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื›ื.
01:55
This causes the balloon volume to increase. This is Avogadro's law in action.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ืคื— ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:00
As the number of particles of gas added to a container are increased,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื– ืฉืžื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ื“ืœ,
02:04
the volume will increase as well.
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ื”ื ืคื— ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื.
02:05
If you add too many particles, well, you know what happens next.
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ืื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื–.
02:10
Laws are everywhere, even in the tiniest particles of gas.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–.
02:14
If you squeeze them, the pressure will increase as the particles are pushed together.
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ืื ืชืœื—ืฆื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ื“ื—ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:18
Low volume means a high pressure because those particles push back.
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ื ืคื— ื ืžื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื–ืจื”.
02:22
As the temperature increases, gases move away from one another, and the volume increases as well.
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื’ื– ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ื ืคื— ื’ื“ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื.
02:28
Finally, if you add gas to a closed container, that container's volume will expand.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ื’ื– ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื ืคื— ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื™ื’ื“ืœ.
02:33
But be careful not to add too much, because otherwise you could end up with a burst balloon.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”ืจื• ืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ืื—ืจืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืฆืฅ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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