Inside the minds of animals - Bryan B Rasmussen

1,520,013 views ใƒป 2015-07-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Your dog loves to curl up on the couch, but so do you,
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ื›ืœื‘ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืชื›ืจื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ืืช.
ืื– ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืชืืจื’ื ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ื ื™ื ื•ื—.
00:10
so you shoo him off and settle in for a cozy evening.
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00:13
After all, you're the human around here.
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ื”ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ืืŸ.
00:15
You're an intelligent being, not a simple creature of instinct.
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ืืช ื™ืฉื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืกืชื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื.
00:19
You can plan and dream, and oh-
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ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื, ื•...
00:22
Did your dog just outsmart you and feel happy about it?
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœื™ืš, ื•ืฆื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš?
00:25
Or was he just following his instincts?
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•?
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
00:28
Is there even a difference?
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00:29
What is he thinking?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘?
00:31
Well, it depends on what we mean by "thinking"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื—ืฉื‘"
00:34
and the criteria we use to evaluate it.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
00:37
Aristotle and Descartes both use the criteria of instinct and intelligence
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ื“ื”-ืงืจื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”
00:42
to divide animals from humans.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
00:44
Aristotle believed that humans possess reason,
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”,
00:47
while animals could only follow brute instincts for survival and reproduction.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืข"ืค ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
ื›ืžืขื˜ 2000 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•,
00:53
Almost 2000 years later,
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00:55
Descartes suggested a more extreme version of that idea,
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ื”-ืงืจื˜ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
00:59
arguing that animals following instincts were indistinguishable
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื
01:03
from robots responding mechanically to stimuli in their environments.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืชื‘ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ
01:09
But the consensus against animal intelligence began to unravel
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01:13
with Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
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ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:15
Darwin hypothesized that intelligence could evolve from simpler instincts.
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:20
He had observed earthworms making choices about how to drag oddly shaped leaves
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ืจืช ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:25
into their boroughs,
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื,
01:27
and was struck that a human might employ similar means to solve a similar problem.
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ื•ื ื“ื”ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
01:32
And if, as he thought, humans are descended from simpler creatures,
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ื•ืื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:37
then perhaps our minds lie at the far end of a continuum,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืฆืฃ,
01:41
differing from theirs in degree, but not in kind.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื”, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ื’.
01:46
Recent experiments showing that many species can solve complex problems
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
01:50
confirm Darwin's initial hypothesis.
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ืžืืฉืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:53
Elephants use objects to reach inaccessible places.
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ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”,
01:57
Crows make their own tools,
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ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื›ืœื™ื,
01:59
and can use water displacement to get a reward.
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื–ื—ืช ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
02:02
Octopuses can open jars after watching others do so,
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ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
02:06
and can even remember the process months later.
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ื•ืืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:10
Such tasks involve considering aspects of a problem
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ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”
02:13
separately from the immediate situation, and retaining the strategy for later use.
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ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:18
Still, while animals can solve complex problems,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
02:22
how do we know what, or even that, they are thinking?
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ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
02:25
Behaviorists, such as Pavlov and Thorndike, argue
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื•ืช'ื•ืจื ื“ื™ื™ืง, ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
02:29
that animals that appear to think
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
02:31
are usually only responding to reward or punishment.
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ืจืง ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืื• ืขื•ื ืฉ.
02:35
This was the case with Clever Hans,
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ื ืก ื”ื—ื›ื",
02:38
a horse with the amazing ability to tap out answers to math problems.
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ืกื•ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืงื™ืขื•ืช ืคืจืกื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
02:43
But it turns out Hans wasn't especially good at math,
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ืืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
02:46
but at reading his unwitting trainer's subtle nonverbal cues
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ืืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื-ืจืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืžื ื•,
02:51
for when to stop tapping.
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ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืจืงื•ืข.
02:54
So Hans couldn't count, but does that mean he wasn't thinking?
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ืื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ื”ื ืก ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœืกืคื•ืจ. ืืš ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘?
02:58
After all, he could interpret nuanced social messages,
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ื”ืจื™ ื™ื“ืข ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
03:02
a quality he shared with many other non-human animals.
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื• ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:06
Elephants recognize each other after years apart,
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ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง,
03:09
and even seem to mourn their dead.
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ื•ืืฃ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชื™ื”ื.
03:12
Bees communicate using a special waggle dance
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
03:15
to indicate the location and quality of a food source to other bees.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
03:20
Chimpanzees engage in complex deception schemes,
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจืžื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:24
suggesting not only do they think, but they understand that others do, too.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืžื– ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืง ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:29
And then there is Alex the Grey Parrot,
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ืืœื›ืก, ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ ื”ืืคื•ืจ?
03:32
who could use human language
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
03:33
to distinguish the colors and shapes of absent objects,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื,
03:37
and even understand abstract concepts, like bigger and smaller.
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ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื• "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื•"ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ".
03:42
That sounds a lot like intelligence,
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืชื‘ื•ื ื”,
03:44
and not just the work of mindless machines.
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ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช-ื‘ื™ื ื”.
03:47
But while a non-human animal can solve problems and even communicate,
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ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
03:52
for humans, thinking also involves consciousness,
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ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
03:56
the ability to reflect on our actions, not simply to perform them.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ืฆืขื.
04:01
So far, none of our studies tell us if having the intelligence to outsmart us
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•
04:06
means that our dog can also feel good about doing so.
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ื’ื ืฉื›ืœื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš.
04:10
What we really want to know is what is it like to be a dog,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘,
04:14
or an octopus,
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ืื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ,
ืื• ืขื•ืจื‘.
04:16
or a crow?
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04:17
Philosophers of mind call this The Hard Problem,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”",
04:20
because while you and I can report what it feels like to be a human,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื,
04:24
nobody speaks horse.
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ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกื•ืกื™ืช.
04:26
Even a talking parrot, like Alex,
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ืืคืœื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ืก,
04:28
couldn't tell us how he feels about the colors he could name.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื.
04:32
And what if consciousness comes in different forms?
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
04:35
Would we even recognize the consciousness of bees?
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ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืืฆืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื?
04:38
For that matter, how can we know for sure that other people have consciouness?
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
04:43
Perhaps they're just well-functioning zombies.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืกืชื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”?
04:46
Regardless, animal minds continue to test the limits of our understanding
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•
04:51
and how we frame them may reveal more about our minds than theirs.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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