Inside the minds of animals - Bryan B Rasmussen

Unutar životinjskih umova - Bryan B Rasmussen

1,515,950 views

2015-07-14 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

Inside the minds of animals - Bryan B Rasmussen

Unutar životinjskih umova - Bryan B Rasmussen

1,515,950 views ・ 2015-07-14

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Martina Valković Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:06
Your dog loves to curl up on the couch, but so do you,
0
6407
3794
Vaš se pas voli sklupčati na kauču, baš kao i vi,
00:10
so you shoo him off and settle in for a cozy evening.
1
10201
3502
i zato ga otjerate i udobno se smjestite.
00:13
After all, you're the human around here.
2
13703
2215
Ipak, vi ste ovdje čovjek.
00:15
You're an intelligent being, not a simple creature of instinct.
3
15918
3563
Vi ste inteligentno biće, a ne jednostavno biće navika.
00:19
You can plan and dream, and oh-
4
19481
3110
Možete planirati i sanjati i oh -
00:22
Did your dog just outsmart you and feel happy about it?
5
22591
3223
Je li vas vaš pas upravo nadmudrio i osjetio sreću zbog tog?
00:25
Or was he just following his instincts?
6
25814
2376
Ili je samo slijedio svoje instinkte?
00:28
Is there even a difference?
7
28190
1668
Postoji li uopće razlika?
00:29
What is he thinking?
8
29858
1829
O čemu je mislio?
00:31
Well, it depends on what we mean by "thinking"
9
31687
2765
Pa, to ovisi o tom kako razumijevamo "mišljenje"
00:34
and the criteria we use to evaluate it.
10
34452
3151
i kriterijima po kojima ga evaluiramo.
00:37
Aristotle and Descartes both use the criteria of instinct and intelligence
11
37603
4562
I Aristotel i Descartes koriste kriterije instinkta i inteligencije
00:42
to divide animals from humans.
12
42165
2724
kako bi razlikovali životinje od ljudi.
00:44
Aristotle believed that humans possess reason,
13
44889
2825
Aristotel je vjerovao da ljudi imaju razum,
00:47
while animals could only follow brute instincts for survival and reproduction.
14
47714
5506
dok životinje mogu tek slijediti instinkte za preživljavanje i reprodukciju.
00:53
Almost 2000 years later,
15
53220
2074
Gotovo 2000 godina kasnije,
00:55
Descartes suggested a more extreme version of that idea,
16
55294
4271
Descartes je predložio ekstremniju verziju te ideje,
00:59
arguing that animals following instincts were indistinguishable
17
59565
4149
tvrdeći da su životinje koje slijede instinkte nerazlučive
01:03
from robots responding mechanically to stimuli in their environments.
18
63714
5384
od robota koji mehanički odgovaraju na podražaje iz okoline.
01:09
But the consensus against animal intelligence began to unravel
19
69098
3960
No, konsenzus oko životinjske (ne)inteligencije počeo se raspletati
01:13
with Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
20
73058
2794
s Darwinovom teorijom evolucije.
01:15
Darwin hypothesized that intelligence could evolve from simpler instincts.
21
75852
4975
Darwin je pretpostavljao da inteligencija može evoluirati iz jednostavnijih nagona.
01:20
He had observed earthworms making choices about how to drag oddly shaped leaves
22
80827
5048
Promotrio je kišne gliste kako donose odluke kako odvući listove čudnog oblika
01:25
into their boroughs,
23
85875
1566
u svoja staništa,
01:27
and was struck that a human might employ similar means to solve a similar problem.
24
87441
5139
i shvatio da bi i čovjek koristio slične načine pri rješavanju sličnog problema.
01:32
And if, as he thought, humans are descended from simpler creatures,
25
92580
4559
I ako su, kao što je smatrao, ljudi potekli od jednostavnijih bića,
01:37
then perhaps our minds lie at the far end of a continuum,
26
97139
4730
onda možda naši umovi leže na dalekom kraju kontinuuma,
01:41
differing from theirs in degree, but not in kind.
27
101869
4778
razlikujući se od životinjskih u stupnju, no ne u vrsti.
01:46
Recent experiments showing that many species can solve complex problems
28
106647
3985
Nedavni eksperimenti koji pokazuju da mnoge vrste mogu riješiti složene probleme
01:50
confirm Darwin's initial hypothesis.
29
110632
3275
potvrđuju Darwinovu polaznu hipotezu.
01:53
Elephants use objects to reach inaccessible places.
30
113907
3464
Slonovi koriste predmete kako bi doprijeli do nedostupnih mjesta.
01:57
Crows make their own tools,
31
117371
2126
Vrane same izrađuju alate,
01:59
and can use water displacement to get a reward.
32
119497
3338
i mogu koristiti premještanje vodom kako bi dobile nagradu.
02:02
Octopuses can open jars after watching others do so,
33
122835
3878
Hobotnice mogu otvoriti staklenke nakon što gledaju druge kako to čine,
02:06
and can even remember the process months later.
34
126713
3309
i čak se mogu sjetiti tog procesa mjesecima nakon.
02:10
Such tasks involve considering aspects of a problem
35
130022
3416
Takve radnje uključuju razmatranje aspekata problema
02:13
separately from the immediate situation, and retaining the strategy for later use.
36
133438
5384
odvojeno od neposredne situacije, te pamćenje strategije za naknadnu upotrebu.
02:18
Still, while animals can solve complex problems,
37
138822
3568
Ipak, dok životinje mogu riješiti složene probleme,
02:22
how do we know what, or even that, they are thinking?
38
142390
3532
kako znamo što, ili čak da li, misle?
02:25
Behaviorists, such as Pavlov and Thorndike, argue
39
145922
3727
Bihevioristi, poput Pavlova i Thorndikea, tvrde
02:29
that animals that appear to think
40
149649
2179
da životinje koje se doimaju kao da misle
02:31
are usually only responding to reward or punishment.
41
151828
3700
obično samo reagiraju na nagradu ili kaznu.
02:35
This was the case with Clever Hans,
42
155528
2726
To je bio slučaj s Pametnim Hansom,
02:38
a horse with the amazing ability to tap out answers to math problems.
43
158254
5070
konjem s nevjerojatnom sposobnošću da otapka odgovore na matematičke probleme.
02:43
But it turns out Hans wasn't especially good at math,
44
163324
3629
No, ispostavilo se da Hans nije bio posebno dobar u matematici, već u
02:46
but at reading his unwitting trainer's subtle nonverbal cues
45
166953
5038
čitanju suptilnih neverbalnih znakova svog trenera (koji je toga bio nesvjestan)
02:51
for when to stop tapping.
46
171991
2576
o tome kada prestati tapkati.
02:54
So Hans couldn't count, but does that mean he wasn't thinking?
47
174567
4271
Znači, Hans nije znao računati, no znači li to da nije mislio?
02:58
After all, he could interpret nuanced social messages,
48
178838
3271
Ipak, mogao je interpretirati suptilne socijalne poruke,
03:02
a quality he shared with many other non-human animals.
49
182109
4280
osobina koju je dijelio s mnogim drugim neljudskim životinjama.
03:06
Elephants recognize each other after years apart,
50
186389
3301
Slonovi prepoznaju jedni druge nakon godina odvojenosti,
03:09
and even seem to mourn their dead.
51
189690
2984
a čini se da čak i oplakuju mrtve.
03:12
Bees communicate using a special waggle dance
52
192674
3085
Pčele komuniciraju posebnim plesom
03:15
to indicate the location and quality of a food source to other bees.
53
195759
4816
kako bi drugim pčelama ukazale na lokaciju i kvalitetu izvora hrane.
03:20
Chimpanzees engage in complex deception schemes,
54
200575
4132
Čimpanze sudjeluju u kompleksnim shemama obmane,
03:24
suggesting not only do they think, but they understand that others do, too.
55
204707
4982
sugerirajući ne samo da misle, već i da razumiju da i drugi misle.
03:29
And then there is Alex the Grey Parrot,
56
209689
2709
I onda je tu afrička siva papiga Alex, koja se mogla
03:32
who could use human language
57
212398
1504
koristiti ljudskim jezikom
03:33
to distinguish the colors and shapes of absent objects,
58
213902
3589
kako bi razlikovala boje i oblike odsutnih predmeta,
03:37
and even understand abstract concepts, like bigger and smaller.
59
217491
5181
i čak razumijeti apstraktne koncepte, poput većeg i manjeg.
03:42
That sounds a lot like intelligence,
60
222672
1988
To zvuči kao inteligencija,
03:44
and not just the work of mindless machines.
61
224660
2989
a ne samo djelovanje nemislećih strojeva.
03:47
But while a non-human animal can solve problems and even communicate,
62
227649
4689
No, dok neljudska životinja može rješavati probleme i čak komunicirati,
03:52
for humans, thinking also involves consciousness,
63
232338
3914
za ljude, mišljenje također uključuje i svijest,
03:56
the ability to reflect on our actions, not simply to perform them.
64
236252
4853
sposobnost da razmišljamo o svojim djelima, ne samo da ih činimo.
04:01
So far, none of our studies tell us if having the intelligence to outsmart us
65
241105
5265
Nijedna od naših studija dosad nije nam rekla da li posjedovanje inteligencije
04:06
means that our dog can also feel good about doing so.
66
246370
4589
da nas nadmudri znači i da se naš pas može osjećati dobro zbog toga.
04:10
What we really want to know is what is it like to be a dog,
67
250959
3637
Ono što zbilja želimo znati jest kako je to biti pas,
04:14
or an octopus,
68
254596
1410
ili hobotnica,
04:16
or a crow?
69
256006
1513
ili vrana?
04:17
Philosophers of mind call this The Hard Problem,
70
257519
3083
Filozofi uma ovo nazivaju Teškim problemom,
04:20
because while you and I can report what it feels like to be a human,
71
260602
3749
zato što, dok vi i ja možemo izvijestiti o tome kako je to biti čovjek,
04:24
nobody speaks horse.
72
264351
1965
nitko ne govori konjskim jezikom.
04:26
Even a talking parrot, like Alex,
73
266316
2180
Čak ni papiga koja govori, poput Alexa,
04:28
couldn't tell us how he feels about the colors he could name.
74
268496
4493
ne može nam reći kako se osjeća vezano uz boje koje može imenovati.
04:32
And what if consciousness comes in different forms?
75
272989
2504
I što ako svijest dolazi u različitim oblicima?
04:35
Would we even recognize the consciousness of bees?
76
275493
3276
Bismo li uopće prepoznali pčelinju svijest?
04:38
For that matter, how can we know for sure that other people have consciouness?
77
278769
4761
Zapravo, kako možemo biti sigurni da drugi ljudi imaju svijest?
04:43
Perhaps they're just well-functioning zombies.
78
283530
3050
Možda su oni samo dobro funkcionirajući zombiji.
04:46
Regardless, animal minds continue to test the limits of our understanding
79
286580
4651
Ipak, životinjski umovi nastavljaju testirati granice našeg shvaćanja i
04:51
and how we frame them may reveal more about our minds than theirs.
80
291231
5293
okvir u koji ih smještamo mogao bi otkriti više o našim, nego o njihovim umovima.
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7