From enslavement to rebel gladiator: The life of Spartacus - Fiona Radford

6,126,120 views ใƒป 2018-12-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
As the warrior slept,
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ื—ื ื™ืฉืŸ,
00:09
a snake coiled around his face.
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ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืชืœืคืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื ื™ื•.
00:12
Instead of a threat, his wife saw an omenโ€“
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื•ื, ืืฉืชื• ืจืืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืื•ืช --
00:15
a fearsome power that would lead her husband to either glory or doom.
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ื›ื•ื— ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืชื”ื™ืœื” ืื• ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ.
00:20
For now, however, he was only a slave โ€“
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื‘ื“ --
00:22
one of millions taken from the territories
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ืื—ื“ ืžืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
00:25
conquered by Rome to work the mines,
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ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช,
00:27
till the fields,
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ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช,
00:29
or fight for the crowdโ€™s entertainment.
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ืื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื”ืœ.
00:31
A nomadic Thracian from what is now Bulgaria,
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ืชืจืืงื™ ื ื•ื•ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”,
00:34
he had served in the Roman Army but was imprisoned for desertion.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืงื”.
00:38
His name was Spartacus.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก.
00:42
Spartacus had been brought to Capua by Batiatus, a lanista,
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ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงืคื•ืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืื˜ื•ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื”,
00:47
or trainer of gladiators.
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ืื• ืžืืžืŸ ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
00:49
And life at the ludus, or gladiator school, was unforgiving.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื“ื•ืก, ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืกืœื—ื ื™ื™ื.
00:53
New recruits were forced to swear an oath
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ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”
00:56
โ€œto be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword,โ€
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"ืœื”ืฉืจืฃ, ืœื”ืงืฉืจ, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืจื‘,"
01:01
and to obey their masterโ€™s will without question.
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ื•ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”.
01:04
But even harsh discipline couldnโ€™t break Spartacusโ€™s spirit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก.
01:08
In 73 BCE, Spartacus led 73 other slaves
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ื‘ 73 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ 73 ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:12
to seize knives and skewers from the kitchen and fight their way out,
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ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืœื”ืœื—ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
01:17
hijacking a wagon of gladiator equipment along the way.
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ื”ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืขื’ืœื” ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš.
01:21
They were done fighting for othersโ€“
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื --
01:23
now, they fought for their freedom.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืขืœ ื—ืจื•ืชื.
01:26
When the news reached Rome,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจื•ืžื,
01:27
the Senate was too busy with wars in Spain and the Pontic Empire
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ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืขื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:32
to worry about some unruly slaves.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืจืจื™ื.
01:34
Unconcerned, praetor Claudius Glaber took an army of three thousand men
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ืœื ืžื•ื“ืื’, ื”ืคืจืื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืงืœืื•ื“ื™ื•ืก ื’ืœื‘ืจ ืœืงื— ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื
01:39
to the rebelโ€™s refuge at Mount Vesuvius,
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ืœืžื—ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื•ื–ื•ื‘,
01:42
and blocked off the only passage up the mountain.
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ื•ื—ืกื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื”ืจ.
01:45
All that remained was to wait and starve them outโ€“
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจืขื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื --
01:48
or so he thought.
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ืื• ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘.
01:50
In the dead of night,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
01:51
the rebels lowered themselves down the cliffside on ropes made from vines,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื’ืคื ื™ื,
01:56
and flanked Glaberโ€™s unguarded camp.
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ื•ืื™ื’ืคื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื‘ืจ.
01:59
Thus began the legend of Romeโ€™s defiant gladiator.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื.
02:04
As news of the rebellion spread,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•,
02:06
its ranks swelled with escaped slaves,
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ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•,
02:09
deserting soldiers, and hungry peasants.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ืจืงื™ื, ื•ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื.
02:12
Many were untrained,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื,
02:13
but Spartacusโ€™s clever tactics transformed them
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื
02:16
into an effective guerrilla force.
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ืœื›ื•ื— ื’ืจื™ืœื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:19
A second Roman expedition led by praetor Varinius,
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ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืก,
02:22
was ambushed while the officer bathed.
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ื ืคืœื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืจื—ืฆื•.
02:25
To elude the remaining Roman forces,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื,
02:27
the rebels used their enemyโ€™s corpses as decoy guards,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื,
02:31
stealing Variniusโ€™s own horse to aid their escape.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืช ืกื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”.
02:36
Thanks to his inspiring victories and policy of distributing spoils equally,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”,
02:41
Spartacus continued attracting followers,
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ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื,
02:43
and gained control of villages
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ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจื™ื
02:45
where new weapons could be forged.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉืœื™ื.
02:48
The Romans soon realized they were no longer facing ragtag fugitives,
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ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
02:53
and in the spring of 72 BCE,
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ื•ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 72 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:55
the Senate retaliated with the full force of two legions.
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ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:00
The rebels left victorious,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื,
03:02
but many lives were lost in the battle,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘,
03:04
including Spartacusโ€™ lieutenant Crixus.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก, ืงืจื™ืงืกื•ืก.
03:08
To honor him, Spartacus held funeral games,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•, ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ืขืจืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื”,
03:11
forcing his Roman prisoners to play the role his fellow rebels had once endured.
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืคืขื.
03:17
By the end of 72 BCE,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 72 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:19
Spartacusโ€™ army was a massive force of roughly 120,000 members.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 120,000 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:25
But those numbers proved difficult to manage.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ืงืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ.
03:28
With the path to the Alps clear,
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ืขื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืืœืคื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
03:30
Spartacus wanted to march beyond Romeโ€™s borders,
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ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ืจืฆื” ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื•ืžื,
03:33
where his followers would be free.
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ืฉื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
03:35
But his vast army had grown brash.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื”ืคืš ืœื’ืก.
03:38
Many wanted to continue pillaging,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื–ื•ื–,
03:40
while others dreamed of marching on Rome itself.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืฆืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ืžื ืขืฆืžื”.
03:44
In the end, the rebel army turned southโ€“
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืจ ื“ืจื•ืžื” --
03:47
forgoing what would be their last chance at freedom.
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ืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ.
03:50
Meanwhile, Marcus Licinius Crassus had assumed control of the war.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืจืงื•ืก ืœื™ืกื™ื ื•ืก ืงืจืกื•ืก ืชืคืก ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
03:56
As Romeโ€™s wealthiest citizen,
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ื›ืื–ืจื— ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื,
03:58
he pursued Spartacus with eight new legions,
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ื”ื•ื ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ืขื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:01
eventually trapping the rebels in the toe of Italy.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื›ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื”ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
04:05
After failed attempts to build rafts,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช,
04:07
and a stinging betrayal by local pirates,
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืงืฆืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:10
the rebels made a desperate run to break through Crassusโ€™s linesโ€“
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ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืขื• ืจื™ืฆื” ื ื•ืืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืกื™ื•ืก --
04:14
but it was no use.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื–ืจ.
04:16
Roman reinforcements were returning from the Pontic wars,
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ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:19
and the rebelsโ€™ ranks and spirits were broken.
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ื•ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื•.
04:23
In 71 BCE, they made their last stand.
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ื‘ 71 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
04:27
Spartacus nearly managed to reach Crassus before being cut down by centurions.
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ืกืคืจื˜ืงื•ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจืกื•ืก ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื.
04:33
His army was destroyed,
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ืฆื‘ืื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“,
04:34
and 6000 captives were crucified along the Appian Wayโ€“
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ื• 6000 ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืฆืœื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืืคื™ืช --
04:39
a haunting demonstration of Roman authority.
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ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
04:43
Crassus won the war,
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ืงืจืกื•ืก ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
04:44
but it is not his legacy which echoes through the centuries.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
04:48
Thousands of years later,
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ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:49
the name of the slave who made the worldโ€™s mightiest empire tremble
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ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืจืขื•ื“
04:53
has become synonymous with freedomโ€“
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœื—ืจื•ืช --
04:55
and the courage to fight for it.
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ื•ืœืื•ืžืฅ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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