The origin of countless conspiracy theories - PatrickJMT

2,250,221 views ใƒป 2016-05-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:06
If you line up the entire text of โ€œMoby Dick,โ€
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ืื ืชืกื“ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืง",
00:09
which was published in 1851,
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ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1851,
00:11
into a giant rectangle,
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ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืขื ืง,
00:13
you may notice some peculiar patterns:
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
00:16
like these words,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืฉืœ,
00:17
which seem to predict the assassination of Martin Luther King.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’,
ืื• ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ืื ื” ื‘ 1997.
00:22
Or these references to the 1997 death of Princess Di.
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00:27
So, was Herman Melville a secret prophet?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืจืžืŸ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืื™?
00:31
The answer is no,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื,
00:32
and we know that thanks to a mathematical principle called Ramsey theory.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืจืืžื–ื™.
00:37
It's the reason we can find geometric shapes in the night sky,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
00:41
it's why we can know without checking
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ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
00:43
that at least two people in London
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ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
00:45
have exactly the same number of hairs on their head,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ,
00:49
and it explains why patterns can be found in just about any text...
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื,
00:54
even Vanilla Ice lyrics.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื ื™ืœื” ืื™ื™ืก.
00:56
So what is Ramsey theory?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืืžื–ื™?
00:58
Simply put, it states that given enough elements in a set or structure,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื• ืžื‘ื ื”,
01:03
some particular interesting pattern among them is guaranteed to emerge.
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ืชื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
01:09
As a simple example, letโ€™s look at whatโ€™s called the Party Problemโ€”
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”,
01:12
a classic illustration of Ramsey theory.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืจืืžื–ื™.
01:15
Suppose there are at least six people at a party.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”.
01:18
Amazingly enough, we can say for sure
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
01:21
that some group of three of them either all know each other,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
01:25
or have never met before,
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ืื• ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืคื’ืฉื•,
01:26
without knowing a single thing about them.
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ื•ื–ืืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”.
01:29
We can demonstrate that by graphing out all the possibilities.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืจืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:33
Each point represents a person,
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื“ื,
01:35
and a line indicates that the pair know each other.
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ื•ืงื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:38
Every pair only has two possibilities: they either know each other or they don't.
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ืœื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื.
01:43
There are a lot of possibilities,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:46
but every single one has the property that we're looking for.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉืช.
01:49
Six is the lowest number of guests where that's guaranteed to be the case,
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืชืชื’ืฉื,
01:54
which we can express like this.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื–ืืช ื›ืš.
01:56
Ramsey theory gives us a guarantee
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืจืืžื–ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื ื•
01:59
that such a minimum number exists for certain patterns,
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ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื›ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
02:02
but no easy way to find it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืงืœื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื•.
02:05
In this case, as the total number of guests grows higher,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื“ืœ,
02:08
the combinations get out of control.
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ื”ืฆืจื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™
02:11
For instance, say you're trying to find out the minimum size of a party
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02:15
where there's a group of five people who all know each other or all don't.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื• ื›ื•ืœื ื–ืจื™ื.
02:19
Despite five being a small number,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:21
the answer is virtually impossible to discover
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”
02:24
through an exhaustive search like this.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืžืฆื” ืฉื›ื–ื•.
02:27
That's because of the sheer volume of possibilities.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
02:30
A party with 48 guests
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ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 48 ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ 2 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 1128 ืฆืจื•ืคื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
02:32
has 2^(1128) possible configurations,
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02:38
more than the number of atoms in the universe.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
02:41
Even with the help of computers,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:43
the best we know is that the answer to this question
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
02:46
is somewhere between 43 and 49 guests.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 43 ืœ 49 ืื•ืจื—ื™ื.
02:50
What this shows us is that specific patterns
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื•, ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
02:53
with seemingly astronomical odds
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ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
02:55
can emerge from a relatively small set.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
02:58
And with a very large set, the possibilities are almost endless.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
03:02
Any four stars where no three lie in a straight line
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ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืœื ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ
03:06
will form some quadrilateral shape.
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืืจื‘ืข ืคื™ื ื•ืช.
03:09
Expand that to the thousands of stars we can see in the sky,
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ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื–ืืช ืœืืœืคื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
03:12
and it's no surprise that we can find all sorts of familiar shapes,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช,
03:16
and even creatures if we look for them.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื ื ื—ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
03:18
So what are the chances of a text concealing a prophecy?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื•ืื” ืชืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืงืจื™?
03:22
Well, when you factor in the number of letters,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
03:25
the variety of possible related words,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
03:28
and all their abbreviations and alternate spellings,
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ื•ืฉืœืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
03:31
they're pretty high.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:33
You can try it yourself.
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ื ืกื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
03:34
Just pick a favorite text,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื”ื•ื‘,
03:36
arrange the letters in a grid,
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื
03:37
and see what you can find.
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ื•ืจืื• ืžื” ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ.
03:40
The mathematician T.S. Motzkin once remarked that,
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื˜.ืก. ืžื•ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
03:43
โ€œwhile disorder is more probable in general,
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ืฉ"ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืื™ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
03:46
complete disorder is impossible."
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืด.
03:49
The sheer size of the universe guarantees that some of its random elements
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืžื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื
03:53
will fall into specific arrangements,
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
03:56
and because we evolved to notice patterns and pick out signals among the noise,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืขืฉ,
04:01
we are often tempted to find intentional meaning where there may not be any.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื•.
04:07
So while we may be awed by hidden messages in everything from books,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืœืื™ ื™ืจืื” ืžืžืกืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื,
04:11
to pieces of toast,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื ืงืœื•ื™,
04:12
to the night sky,
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ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
04:14
their real origin is usually our own minds.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฆืจ ืคืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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